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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU-, FACU+
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Blue
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Moderate
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Purple
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	6
Height, Mature (feet)	6
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	High
Fertility Requirement	Low
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	175
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	Low
pH, Minimum	4.8
pH, Maximum	7
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	1200
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	2700
Precipitation, Minimum	35
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	14
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-8
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Early Summer
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	85000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	High
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU-, FACU+
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Moderate
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Purple
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	9
Height, Mature (feet)	9
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Semi-Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	High
Fire Tolerance	Medium
Frost Free Days, Minimum	200
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	5.8
pH, Maximum	7.2
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	2700
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	4800
Precipitation, Minimum	30
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	16
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Tolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	2
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Early Summer
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	Yes
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	85000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Medium
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Asteridae

Order  Lamiales

Family  Verbenaceae -- Verbena family

Genus  Callicarpa L. -- beautyberry P

Species  Callicarpa americana L. -- American beautyberry P

 

Alternate names

Beautyberry (Callicarpa means “beautyberry”), French mulberry, American mulberry, wild goose’s berries

 

Uses

Ethnobotanic: The roots, leaves and branches of the American beautyberry were used by the Alabama, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, Seminole and other Native American tribes for various medicinal purposes.  The roots, leaves and branches were made into a decoction that was used in sweat baths to treat both malarial fevers and rheumatism.  The boiled plant parts were poured into a big pan that was placed near the patient inside a sweathouse.  A similar decoction of the roots was used to treat dizziness and stomachaches.  The roots of Callicarpa americana  were boiled with roots from Rubus spp. to make an infusion to treat dysentery.  The roots and berries were boiled and drunk to treat colic.  The bark from the stems and roots was used to treat itchy skin.  A tea from the root bark was taken to treat urine retention or “urine stopped-up sickness.” 

 

Wildlife: The fruits of American beautyberry are an important food source for many species of birds including bobwhite quails, mockingbirds, robins, towhees, and brown thrashers.  Animals that eat the fruit include armadillos, raccoons, wood rats, gray foxes, opossums, and white-tailed deer.  The long-lasting fruits provide food for birds and animals well into the winter months when other food-sources are unavailable. 

 

Other: Beautyberry shrubs are raised for their ornamental flowers as well as their colorful clusters of fruits. 

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Description

General: Vervain Family (Verbenaceae).  American beautyberry is a native, perennial shrub.  These small, deciduous shrubs reach from 1 to 2 m in height.  The leaves are opposite, elliptical to ovate in shape (7 to 15 cm long) and have saw-toothed margins.  The under-side of the leaves can be covered with white or rust-colored woolly hairs.  The inconspicuous blue, violet, pink, or white flowers are borne in axillary clusters that bloom from late spring to early summer.  The flowers are funnel-shaped with four clefs.  The round, showy, violet or magenta drupes or fruits are 4-5 mm in diameter.  The very juicy fruits, containing from 2 to 4 seeds, begin to ripen in August or September.  These colorful fruits remain on the shrubs long after the leaves drop. 

 

Distribution: For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. 

 

Habitat: American beautyberry shrubs occur in dry open woods, moist woods, thickets and hammocks.  They occur as understudy species in upland pine forests, upper slope pine-oak forests and old-growth maritime forests.  These shrubs are adapted to climates with hot, humid summers and moderate winters. 

 

Establishment

These shrubs may be propagated by softwood cuttings, but they are primarily grown from seed.  The seeds do not require pretreatment for germination.  The many volunteers that this plant produces are very hearty and can be dug up and transplanted elsewhere in a more desirable location.  The plants do well in partial shade and sunny locations in well-drained soils.  The shrubs have a denser habit and produce more fruit in sunny locations. 

 

Management

This plant can produce abundant volunteers from the many seeds that drop to the soil.  The flowers are produced on new growth, so prune plants after the fruits are gone to increase the next year’s growth and berry production.  The plants can take a hard pruning and may be pruned to the ground level in the winter if desired. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

These plant materials are somewhat available from commercial sources.  The white-fruited C. Americana var. lacteal is available from specialty nurseries. 

 

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government”.  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

References

Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey 1976.  Hortus Third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Simon and Schuster Macmillan Co., New York, New York.  1290 pp.

 

Barbour, M.G., & W.D. Billings, Editors  2000.  North American terrestrial vegetation, Second Edition.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.  708 pp.

 

Chapman, A.W.  1883.  Flora of the southern United States: Flowering plants and ferns. Second Edition. J. Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Massachusetts.  698 pp.

 

Dirr, M.A. 1997.  Dirr’s hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia.  Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.  493 pp.

 

Dirr, M.A. 1998.  Manual of woody landscape plants. Fifth Edition.  Stipes Publishing, Champaign, Illinois.  1187 pp.

 

Greene, W.F. &  H.L. Blomquist  1953. Flowers of the south: Native and exotic.  University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  208 pp.

 

Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim & A.L. Nelson 1951.  American wildlife and plants: A guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York.  500 pp.

 

Moerman, D.E. 1998.  Native American ethnobotany.  Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.  927 pp.

 

Moerman, D.E. 1999.  Native American Ethnobotany Database: Foods, drugs, dyes and fibers of native North American peoples.  The University of Michigan-Dearborn.  [Online].  Available:

https://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb

(19 June 2001)

 

Ottensen, C. 1995.  The native plant primer.  Harmony Books, New York, New York.  354 pp.

 

Rogers, D.J. &  C. Rogers  1991. Woody ornamentals for Deep South gardens. University of West Florida Press, Pensacola, Florida.  296 pp.

 

Small, J.K. 1933.  Manual of Southeastern flora. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  1554 pp.

 

Smith, A.I. 1979.  A guide to wildflowers of the Mid-south.  Memphis State University Press, Memphis, Tennessee.  281 pp.

 

Sturtevant, W.C. 1954.  The Mikasuki Seminole: medical beliefs and practices.  Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University.  538 pp.

 

Swanson, R.E.  1994.  A field guide to the trees and shrubs of the Southern Appalachians.  John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.  399 pp.

 

Swanton, J.R. 2000.  Creek religion and medicine.  University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.  684 pp.

 

Taylor, L.A.  1940.  Plants used as curatives by certain Southeastern Tribes. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

88 pp.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory  2001.  Fire effects information

system, [Online]. Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.  [19 June 2001].

 

Young, J.A. & C.G. Young 1992.  Seeds of woody plants in North America.  Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.  407 pp. 

 

Prepared By

Diana L. Immel

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, c/o

Environmental Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California

 

Species Coordinator

M. Kat Anderson

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Science Department, University of California, Davis, California

 

Edited: 28sep01 jsp; 29apr03 ahv; 31may06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture