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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Graminoid
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Fall, Winter and Spring
After Harvest Regrowth Rate	Slow
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Moderate
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Bunch
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)
Height, Mature (feet)	4
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	Yes
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	High
Fertility Requirement	Low
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	200
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	6.1
pH, Maximum	7.5
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum
Precipitation, Minimum	12
Precipitation, Maximum	20
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	8
Salinity Tolerance	Low
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	7
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Early Spring
Commercial Availability	No Known Source
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Spring
Fruit/Seed Period End	Summer
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	No
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	No
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	450000
Seed Spread Rate	Moderate
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	Yes
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal	Medium
Palatable Graze Animal	High
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Liliopsida -- Monocotyledons

Subclass  Commelinidae

Order  Cyperales

Family  Poaceae -- Grass family

Genus  Festuca L. -- fescue P

Species  Festuca californica Vasey -- California fescue P

 

Alternate names:  A close relative is Parish’s California fescue, Festuca parishii or Festuca californica var. parishii.

 

Uses:  California fescue is a native grass useful for the restoration of upland plant communities, especially oak savanna, open woodlands, and  prairies in Oregon and California.  Its deep roots make it a good candidate for erosion control on slopes.  The species often persists throughout the year with evergreen foliage in milder environments.  Tightly clumped bases and non-aggressive growth habit suggest compatibility with forbs.  Other possible uses are revegetation of disturbed areas and wildlife food and cover.  Palatability is medium for all classes of ungulates. The species attracts certain butterflies and many native birds eat the seeds.  As a tall grass with thick chalky blue to green foliage, California fescue is increasingly appreciated for its ornamental and environmental landscape value. 

 

Description:  California fescue is a native, cool season perennial bunchgrass that is intermediate to long lived.  The base is tightly clumped and the culms (stems) are tall and erect, growing to a height of 60-140 cm. Inflorescences (flowers or panicles) are 10-30 cm long, open and sparsely branched.  Branches usually occur in pairs.  Leaves are medium textured (2-4 mm wide), primarily basal, stiff, sometimes purple tinged, flat or rolled, firm, and rough to the touch.  Plants are typically grayish blue to green and lack horizontal rooting systems.  This species flowers anytime between March and July, depending on elevation, population, or locale.

 

Key to identification:  California fescue is coarser textured and usually taller than other native fescues, but might be confused with tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix, synonym Festuca arundinacea), which is widely introduced in the region.  However, compared to California fescue, the leaves of tall fescue are wider (4-10 mm vs. 2-4 mm) and have prominent or clasping auricles (lobes at the base of the leaf blades).  Parish’s fescue is smaller, but otherwise very similar to California fescue.

 

Adaptation:  California fescue is found in large parts of Oregon and California; its range includes the Coast Ranges, foothills, and valleys from Clackamas County, Oregon, to San Luis Obispo County, California. The species also occurs in the Cascade Range from Clackamas County south into California and in the north and central Sierra Nevada.  Elevation range is from sea level to 6500 ft. in the mountains.  Its relative, Parish’s California fescue, is confined to the San Bernardino Mountains of California.

 

California fescue plants become hardy at a young age and, once established, are tough survivors.  Adapted to a variety of conditions, the species tolerates sun to intermediate shade and semi-drought, as well as moist soil along stream banks. However, it is most frequent in the dappled shade, along the borders of woods, and on north facing slopes.  Other habitats include oak savanna, the understory of mixed conifer-hardwood forests, chaparral, and serpentine soils (soils toxic to many plants due to high levels magnesium and iron silicates and other minerals).  Preferred soils are medium to fine textured with a pH of 5.7 to 7.5.  In one study, the species was rated tolerant to salt spray and moderately tolerant to soil salinity, similar to many other grasses including introduced tall fescue.

 

Commercial availability:   A few seed sources are sometimes for sale in Oregon and California.  Several cultivars with exceptional foliage are found in the horticultural trade, but they are vegetatively propagated or have a narrow gene base and are not recommended for restoration.

 

Relative abundance in the wild:  California fescue has become rare in the Willamette Valley. Often hard to find, it is an excellent candidate for species reintroduction.  This grass is relatively common in Southwest Oregon and parts of California.

 

Limitations or environmental concerns:  This species is initially slow to germinate and sometimes difficult to establish, especially with competition.  Seed set is low in some years which may be the result interference in pollination from rains during early spring flowering.  There are no known environmental concerns. 

 

Establishment:  California fescue appears to have minor seed dormancy, at least in some populations.  Others report no dormancy, but two weeks of cold moist chilling (stratification treatment) can result in more uniform and quicker germination.  Spring sowing of untreated seed can have staggered germination; seedlings may emerge over a period of two to eight weeks. Therefore, fall planting when soil temperatures are cooler is highly recommended.  No special physical conditioning of the seed is required for using a drill or broadcast seeder.  While slow to establish, seedlings become hardy plants.  .  There are approximately 224,000 (+/- 20%) seeds per pound with hulls intact.  Each 1 pound of seed sown per acre is equivalent to approximately 5 seeds per square foot.  Sown alone, a suggested minimum seeding rate is 10 lbs of pure live seed (PLS) per acre for general revegetation.  In seed mixes, fast germinating and quick establishing grasses should be kept to a low percentage.

 

Some practitioners prefer container plants of California fescue because of spotty or variable establishment from seed.  It is easily propagated vegetatively by division of the crown.  California fescue is presumed to have some tolerance to fire as a natural component of grassland ecosystems.   Suggested frequency for prescribed fire is once every three to five years.  However, summer burning can be fatal if plants are green and active.  Specific guidelines for stand management and grazing are not well reported.

 

Prepared By:

Dale Darris and Sonja Johnson. USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon.

 

Species Coordinator:

Dale Darris, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon.

 

Edited 7/31/07 D. Darris; 070802 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture