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Summary
Duration	Biennial, Perennial
Growth Habit	Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU, OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate	Slow
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Porous
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Stoloniferous
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)
Height, Mature (feet)	2.8
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Short
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Semi-Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	Low
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	High
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	110
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	4.8
pH, Maximum	7.8
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum
Precipitation, Minimum	18
Precipitation, Maximum	55
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	10
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-28
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Spring
Fruit/Seed Period End	Summer
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	No
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	No
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	3000000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal
Palatable Graze Animal
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Asteridae

Order  Asterales

Family  Asteraceae -- Aster family

Genus  Erigeron L. -- fleabane P

Species  Erigeron philadelphicus L. -- Philadelphia fleabane P

 

Alternate names

Daisy fleabane, common fleabane, marsh, fleabane, frost-root, skervish, poor robin’s plantain

 

Uses

Ethnobotanic: The Cherokee and other Native American tribes used Philadelphia fleabane for a variety of medicinal purposes including epilepsy.  A poultice was made from the plant to treat headaches.  The roots were either made into tea or chewed to treat colds and coughs.  The smoke from incense made from the plant was inhaled to treat head colds.  A snuff was made and sniffed also for head colds.  It was mixed with other herbs to also treat headaches and inflammation of the nose and throat.  The tea was used to break fevers. The plant was boiled and mixed with tallow to make a balm that could be spread upon sores on the skin.  It was used for as an eye medicine to treat “dimness of sight.”  It was used as an astringent, a diuretic, and as an aid for kidneys or the gout.  The Cherokee and Houma tribes boiled the roots to make a drink for “menstruation troubles” and to induce miscarriages (to treat “suppressed menstruation”).  It was also used to treat hemorrhages and for spitting of blood.  The Catawba used a drink from the plant to treat heart trouble.

 

Livestock: Cows graze this plant for forage.

 

Wildlife: Deer use this plant for food.  Butterflies, bees and moths pollinate the flowers.

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Weediness

This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed.  Please consult with your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, or state natural resource or agriculture department regarding its status and use.  Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at plants.usda.gov.

 

Description

General: Sunflower or composite family (Asteraceae; Compositae).  Philadelphia fleabane is a native, biennial or short-lived, somewhat weedy, perennial herb.  The hemispherical, aster-like flowers (1.5 –2.5cm diameter), which bloom in the spring, have yellow centers of tubular disk flowers (2.5-3cm long), surrounded by from 100-150 narrow, white to pinkish-purple rays (5-10mm long).  The flowers grow on branches atop a 30 to 90cm-tall leafless, usually single, stem that grows out of a sparse rosette of basal leaves (4-16cm long). Each branch can bear from a few to several flowers or drooping closed buds.  The opened flowers close at night. The basal leaves are ovate (widest near the base) with toothed margins.  Another group of smaller, lanceolate leaves surround and clasp the stem near the base. The leaves and stems can be sparsely pubescent to quite hairy. The genus name, Erigeron stems from the Greek eri, "early" and geron "old man," probably because of the plant’s hairy appearance.  The common name “fleabane” is from Old English and it refers to the plant’s odor, which supposedly can repel fleas.

 

Similar species: Erigeron pulchellus has fewer ray flowers (40-60).  E. quercifolius is shorter with violet or blue flowers.  E. strigosus is an annual from 30-90cm tall, which lacks the clasping leaves surrounding the stem.  Low Erigeron (E. pumilis Nutt.) is from 5-30cm tall and can have white, pink, or bluish rays.

 

Distribution: For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Habitat: Philadelphia fleabane grows in moist to very wet conditions.  Plants grow in wet meadows and grassy openings, flood plains, lowland woodlands, thickets, fields, stream banks, low pastures, wet roadsides and seepage areas.  The size of the plant varies with habitat.

 

Establishment

The plant will grow in a variety of soils.  However, it requires soils that are moist and moderately well drained.  It grows best in full sun but will tolerate dappled shade.

 

Seeds: Wildflower seeds should be sown directly into beds or scattered in the garden during early spring.  The seeds should germinate in about four weeks. 

 

Management

Philadelphia fleabane is a native wildflower that occurs over much of the United States and will often self sow if growing under favorable conditions.  However, this plant is listed as an invasive weed, so be sure to determine if it can be a problem in your area before planting. 

 

Control

Please contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. 

 

Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information.  USDA, NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

These plant materials are somewhat available from commercial sources.  Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

References

Chapman, A.W.  1883.  Flora of the Southern United States: Flowering Plants and Ferns. Second Edition. J. Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 698 pp.

 

Cronquist, A.  1980.  Vascular flora of the Southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  261 pp.

 

Duncan, W. H. & L.E. Foote. 1975.  Wildflowers of the Southeastern United States.  University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.  296 pp.

 

Godfrey, R.K. & J.W. Wooten. 1979.  Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States.  Vol 2.  University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.  712 pp.

 

Greene, W.F. &  .L. Blomquist. 1953.  Flowers of the south: native and exotic. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 208pp.

 

Haddock, M. 2000.  Philadelphia fleabane.  Kansas wildflowers and grasses

https://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/philadelphia.html. (May 4, 2001).

 

Hamel, P.B. & M.U. Chiltoskey.  1975. Cherokee plants and their uses: A 400-year history. Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina.  65 pp.

 

Moerman, D.E.  1998.  Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 927 pp.

 

Shemluck, M. 1982.  Medicinal and other uses of the Compositae by Indians in the United States and Canada. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5: 303-358.

 

Small, J.K.  1933.  Manual of southeastern flora. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  1554 pp.

 

Smith, A.I.  1979.  A guide to wildflowers of the mid-south.  Memphis State University Press, Memphis, Tennessee.  281 pp.

 

Speck, F.G. 1941.  A list of plant curatives obtained from the Houma Indians of Louisiana. Primitive Man Quarterly Bulletin of the Catholic Anthropological Conference 14(4): 49-75.

 

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. 2001. Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands. United States Geological Service

https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/wildflwr/species/erigphil.htm. (May 4, 2001).

 

Erigeron philadelphicus. 2000. Plants for a future-species database. www.pfaf.org. (May 4, 2001).

 

Wunderlin, R. P. & B. F. Hansen. 2000. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. https://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/.

 

[S. M. Landry and K.N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. (May 4, 2001).

 

Prepared By

Diana L. Immel

Formerly USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Environmental Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California

 

Species Coordinator

M. Kat Anderson

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Science Department, University of California, Davis, California

 

Edited: 29May2001 jsp; 19may03 ahv; 05jun06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture