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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree, Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	UPL, FAC-
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Red
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	15
Height, Mature (feet)	15
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	High
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Medium
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	100
Hedge Tolerance	High
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	5.6
pH, Maximum	8.4
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	700
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	1700
Precipitation, Minimum	12
Precipitation, Maximum	30
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	24
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-38
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Early Summer
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	60051
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	High
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	Moderate
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	Yes
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal	High
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	Yes
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	High
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Rosidae

Order  Rosales

Family  Rosaceae -- Rose family

Genus  Amelanchier Medik. -- serviceberry P

Species  Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer -- Saskatoon serviceberry P

 

Saskatoon service-berry, service-berry, juneberry, shadbush

 

Uses

Saskatoon is planted as an ornamental and to produce commercial fruit crops.  Many cultivars are commercially available, selected for desirable plant and/or fruit characteristics.  Much research and literature details the development of cultivars and cultivation techniques. 

 

The fruits are used in pies, jams, and fruit rolls and for making jelly and syrup.  Saskatoon wine is a regional specialty.  Native Americans ate the berries fresh and dried, often mixed with other foods for sweetening and flavor.  Dried and rehydrated berries were added to dried vegetables and cooked into soups and puddings.

 

Native Americans boiled branches to make a tea for treating colds.  A drink was made from the bark for stomach problems.  Bark and twigs provided a medicine for recovery after childbirth.  In combination with other plants, it was used to make a contraceptive.  The strong and straight-grained wood was used to make arrows, digging sticks, spear shafts, tool handles, and seed beaters.  Young branches were twisted into a type of rope.

 

Saskatoon is attractive as an ornamental shrub or may be trimmed as a hedge.  It is an important species for reclamation, wildlife, watershed, and shelterbelt plantings.  It can be started from seed or vegetative cuttings.  

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values. 

 

Description

General: Rose Family (Rosaceae).  Native shrubs or small trees growing to 7 meters high, variable in growth form, forming thickets, mats, or clumps, the underground portions including a massive root crown, horizontal and vertical rhizomes, and an extensive root system; bark: thin, light brown and tinged with red, smooth or shallowly fissured.  Leaves are deciduous, simple, alternate, ovate to nearly round, 2.5-3 cm long, with lateral, parallel veins in 8-13 pairs, the margins coarsely serrate or dentate to below middle or sometimes entire or with only a few small teeth at the top.  Flowers are in short, dense, 5-15-flowered, upright racemes, the petals white, 1-2 cm long and strap-like, sepals more or less long-hairy on the inside, reflexing in age, stamens about 20, styles 5, ovary persistently tomentose at the top.  Fruit are 6-11 mm long, smooth, purple-black, slightly gray-blue waxy, the pulp fleshy and sweet; seeds 4-10.  The common name refers to the city in Saskatchewan, Canada, in the heart of the species’ range. 

 

Variation within the species: Considerable variation is recognized.  Var. alnifolia occurs over the whole range of the species, except for California, where only var. semiintegrifolia is found.  Other varieties include the following: var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc. and var. humptulipensis (G.N. Jones) C.L. Hitchc.

 

Distribution

Saskatoon is distributed along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California, eastward to Utah, Colorado, Iowa, and Minnesota, and Ontario and Quebec, north through the plains and prairies into the Northwest Territories (Keewatin and Mackenzie) of Canada.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Saskatoon is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests but grows sporadically up to timberline.  It also occurs in montane chaparral, mountain shrub, and the upper limits of pinyon-juniper communities.  In grasslands, it mostly occurs in wooded draws, woodland interfaces, and riparian zones.  It occurs in open to lightly shaded disturbed sites such as thickets, fencerows, clearings, and edges of woods, and it is conspicuous after disturbances such as fire, logging, or insect outbreak.  Found at elevations of 50-3000 meters; flowering April-June; and fruiting (June-)July-August.    

 

Establishment

Saskatoon reproduces from seed but more commonly by sprouting from the root crown and rhizomes and by layering.  Seedlings can take up to 5 years before they start to produce fruit, but other starts may begin at 2-4 years old and with proper management can yield 8-10 tons of fruit per hectare.  Flowers are produced almost every year, but good seed crops may be produced only every 3-5 years because of drought, spring frost, and/or juniper rust.  Seeds require cold stratification to break dormancy and may remain viable for 10 or more years.  Natural dispersal is by birds and mammals.  One individual of saskatoon is known to have reached 85 years but the average age apparently may be closer to 20 years. 

 

Management

Saskatoon in forests is fire-dependent, occurring in forests with fire regimes varying from frequent, low-severity fire (low-elevation forests) to infrequent, severe fire.  It may persist in the understory for decades but eventually dies out with fire exclusion and canopy closure.  After top-kill by light- to moderate-severity fire, saskatoon sprouts usually arise from the root crown or from shallowly buried rhizomes; sprouts arise from deeply buried rhizomes after even the most intense fire.  Sasktoon cover and biomass production in western Montana may generally increase after fires in Douglas-fir/ninebark habitats, but browsing pressure from big game may slow the recovery.  Seed production may resume soon after fire. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Saskatoon has been artificially crossed with other species of serviceberry, and similar hybridization and intergradation also occurs in the field, particularly between saskatoon and low serviceberry (Amelanchier humilis Wieg.).  Cultivars sold as Amelanchier alnifolia may actually be hybrids between A. alnifolia and other species of Amelanchier.  Amelasorbus jackii is a hybrid of saskatoon and Cascade Mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina. 

 

References

Bishop, B.H. & S.H. Nelson 1980.  Propagation and transplanting of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) softwood cuttings.  Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 60:883-890.

 

Davidson, J.G.N. & R.G. St.-Pierre 1994.  Saskatoons.  HortScience 29(9):959-960.  

 

Howard, J.L. 1997.  Amelanchier alnifolia.  IN: D.G. Simmerman (compiler).  The fire effects information system [Database].  USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.  <https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/>

 

Jones, G.N. 1946.  American species of Amelanchier.  Illinois Biol. Monogr. 20(2):1-128.

 

Laughlin, K.M., R.C. Smith, & .G. Askew 1996.  Juneberry for commercial and home use on the northern Great Plains.  Publ. H-938, North Dakota State University Extension Service, Fargo, North Dakota. 

<https://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/hortcrop/h938w.htm>

 

Mazza, G. & .G. Davidson 1993.  Saskatoon berry: A fruit crop for the prairies.  Pp. 516-519, IN: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops.  Wiley, New York, New York.

<https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-516.html>

 

St-Pierre, R.G. 1992.  The development of native fruit species as horticultural crops in Saskatchewan.  HortScience 27(8):866, 947.

 

St.-Pierre, R.G. 1997.  Growing Saskatoons - A manual for orchardists.  Completely rewritten Fifth Edition.  Dept. of Horticulture Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

 

St.-Pierre, R.G. 1997.  Saskatoon.  Pp. 666-668 IN: The Brooks and Olmo register of fruit & nut varieties.  Third Edition.  ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.

 

The Native Fruit Development Program 2000.  Registry of the genus Amelanchier: History & botany, cultivar overview, publications, plant & seed suppliers.  Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.  <https://www.ag.usask.ca/departments/plsc/nfdp/amelanchier/index.html>

 

Weir, B.J., R.N. Chibbar, & .G. St.-Pierre 1994.  RAPD fingerprinting cultivars of a native fruit species (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae), a new Canadian horticultural crop.  IN: P. Adams, J.S. Miller, E.M. Golenberg and J.E. Adams (eds.).  Conservation of plant genes II: Utilization of ancient and modern DNA.  Monogr. Syst. Bot. 48:141-148. 

 

Weir, B.J., R.G. St.-Pierre, & R.N. Chibbar. 1997.  RAPD marker polymorphism among saskatoon cultivars, clones, and seedlings.  HortScience 32(6):1109-1113. 

 

Prepared By

Guy Nesom

Formerly BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln Moore

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 17jan01 jsp;07feb03ahv; 30may06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture