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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Graminoid
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate	Slow
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Gray-Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Moderate
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Fine
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Bunch
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)
Height, Mature (feet)	2
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Low
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	High
Fertility Requirement	Low
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	100
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	Low
pH, Minimum	6
pH, Maximum	7.5
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum
Precipitation, Minimum	6
Precipitation, Maximum	16
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	10
Salinity Tolerance	Low
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-23
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Field Collections Only
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Medium
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Spring
Fruit/Seed Period End	Summer
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	No
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	No
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	225000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	Yes
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal	Medium
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Liliopsida -- Monocotyledons

Subclass  Commelinidae

Order  Cyperales

Family  Poaceae -- Grass family

Genus  Achnatherum Beauv. -- needlegrass P

Species  Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth -- Thurber's needlegrass P

 

Uses

Grazing/Livestock- Thurber’s needlegrass begins growth early in the spring, goes dormant in early summer and may green-up in fall if soil moisture is adequate. It is considered preferred forage in spring prior to seed-awn development for cattle and horses. It is considered acceptable forage for all classes of livestock throughout the rest of the year following seed drop.

 

Wildlife- It is preferred forage for elk in spring and considered desirable forage for elk the rest of the year. It is desirable forage for deer and antelope in spring.

 

Erosion Control/Reclamation- It is an effective grass in preventing wind and water erosion on sandy to loamy soils. It can be used in seeding mixtures for revegetation of sites disturbed by mining activities. 

 

Status

Consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species).

 

Description

General: Thurber’s needlegrass is a native, cool-season grass common to the semiarid regions of the Intermountain West. It is a perennial bunchgrass, 1- 2 feet tall with fine, narrow in rolled leaves about 6-10 inches long. The inflorescence is 3- 4 inches long, narrow and somewhat purplish in color. The seed is about ¼- inch long, sharp pointed with a twice bent, 2- inch long awn. Tiny hairs cover the seed and lower segments of the awn.

 

Distribution

This grass is found in the semiarid Intermountain West from southern Idaho to Washington Columbia Basin and south to eastern California and northern Nevada and Utah.

Habitat: Thurber’s needlegrass is an important plant in semiarid locations in the northern Intermountain West. In the semiarid regions of Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming and Utah it is found in association with sagebrush, saltbush, horsebrush, bitterbrush, winterfat, Sandberg bluegrass, Indian ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass and thickspike wheatgrass plant communities.

 

Adaptation

Thurber’s needlegrass is very drought and cold tolerant and prefers well drained fine sandy loams to coarse gravelly loam to silt loam soils. It is not tolerant of shade and saline or sodic soil conditions. It is less resistant to fire than many other bunchgrasses. 

 

It is most commonly found in 7- 16 inch precipitation zones and is often the dominant grass in areas receiving 10- inches or less mean annual precipitation.

 

Its elevation range is most common from 3500 to 6500 feet, but it has been found at lower elevations.

 

Establishment

This species has been found to have low levels of seed dormancy as compared to close relatives such as needle-and-thread and Indian ricegrass. This species has low seedling vigor and competes poorly against annual and more vigorous perennial grass species. Seed should be planted into firm weed-free seedbeds in late fall as a dormant planting or in very early spring. Seed should be planted about ¼- ½- inch deep.

 

Native seed mixtures should specify "Source Identified" seed from locations within 500 miles of the planting site.

 

There is an average of 3 seeds per foot squared at a 1 pound seeding rate.  The recommend full seeding rate is 7 pounds per acre. Seed mixtures should specify a percentage of this rate.

 

Management

Thurber’s needlegrass begins growth in early spring, flowers in late May to early June and matures seed in July. Plants go dormant in early to mid-summer and may green-up in fall if soil moisture is adequate.

 

It is considered preferred forage in spring prior to seed-awn development and acceptable forage the rest of the year following seed drop. Animals avoid grazing Thurber’s needlegrass as seed matures. The sharp pointed callus and awns can be injurious to eyes, ears, nose, tongue and throat. Otherwise, it cures well and provides fair to good winter forage.

 

It generally decreases under grazing pressure. It needs to set seed in order to establish new plants and deferred rotation grazing systems are recommended.

 

Pests and Potential Problems

It is not known to be vulnerable to insects or other pests.

 

Environmental Concerns

Thurber’s needlegrass spreads via seed.  It is not considered to be "weedy" or an invasive species, but it can spread into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal climatic and environmental conditions.  Its rate of spread is slow.

 

It may hybridize with closely related species, Indian ricegrass creating the hybrid Stipa bloomeri.

 

Seed Production

Seed production of Thurber’s needlegrass has been difficult under cultivated conditions. 

 

Row spacing of 24- 36 inches under irrigation or high precipitation (>16 inches annual precipitation) to 36 inches under dryland conditions are recommended.  Seeding rates for seed production range from 2.9- 4.3 (48- 36 inch rows) pound PLS per acre on dryland to 4.3 (36 inch rows) pound PLS per acre under irrigated conditions.

 

It should be seeded in locations where weeds are well controlled. Thurber’s needlegrass seedlings are slow to establish and are therefore vulnerable to mechanical (wheel and foot traffic) and chemical damage. Wait until the 3- 5 leaf stage before applying herbicides at a low rate (bromoxynil according to label) or clipping for weed control. Cultivation between rows will be needed for weed control and to maintain row culture.

 

Seed fields are productive for about 3- 5 years. Field moisture during the fall, soil fertility, and plant re-growth determine the yield the succeeding year.

 

Estimated average production of 50- 75 pounds per acre can be expected under dryland conditions in 16- inch plus rainfall areas.  Estimated average production of 100- 150 pounds per acre can be expected under irrigated conditions. 

 

Harvesting can be accomplished by direct combining in the hard-dough stage or by windrowing followed by combining.  Windrowing may help ensure a more complete threshing.  Windrowing also reduces the risk of loss of seed from wind.   Seed is generally harvested from mid July to mid August. Seed must be dried immediately after combining (moisture content should be 12 percent in bins/15 percent in sacks).

 

Seed should be stored in plastic woven sacks – not cotton or burlap sacks. Sharp seeds will become caught in cotton and burlap fabric.

 

Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials

No releases are presently available.  Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

The USDA Forest Service is currently working on a selection of this species.

 

References

Alderson, J. and W. C. Sharp 1994. Grass varieties in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 170. USDA, SCS, Washington, DC.

 

Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren and J.L. Reveal. 1977. Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. The New York Botanical Garden.

 

Hitchcock, A.S. (rev. A. Chase). 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. USDA Misc. Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC. 1950.

 

Monsen, S.B., R. Stevens and N.L. Shaw. 2004. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136. 884p.

 

Ogle, D. G., L. St. John, M. Stannard and L. Holzworth. 2006. Technical Note 24: Grass, grass-like, forb, legume, and woody species for the intermountain west. USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID. 42p.

 

Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service. Range Plant Leaflet 69. Prepared by: J. Powell. 2p.

 

USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 061010. (https://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

 

Prepared By

Daniel G. Ogle

USDA-NRCS, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID

 

Loren St. John

USDA-NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID

 

Derek Tilley

USDA-NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID

 

Dr. Thomas A. Jones

USDA-ARS, Forage & Range Research Laboratory, Logan, UT

 

Species Coordinator

Daniel G. Ogle

USDA-NRCS, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID

 

Edited:  05oct06dgo; 09may06djt; 10may06ls; 10may06taj; 10oct06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture