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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Red
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	30
Height, Mature (feet)	30
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Medium
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	90
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	5.7
pH, Maximum	7.6
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	1200
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	1700
Precipitation, Minimum	24
Precipitation, Maximum	36
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	24
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-43
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	27000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Medium
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	Yes
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Medium
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Rosidae

Order  Rosales

Family  Rosaceae -- Rose family

Genus  Crataegus L. -- hawthorn P

Species  Crataegus ×anomala Sarg. (pro sp.) -- Arnold hawthorn P

 

Alternative Names

Crataegus arnoldiana (CRAR)

 

Uses

Economic: Hawthorn fruits can be made into jams and jellies.  The wood is very hard and strong and is ideal for tool handles and other small items.

 

Medicinal: Hawthorn fruits have been shown to have a tonic effect on the heart.  They are often used in the treatment of weak heart conditions, especially if it is accompanied by high blood pressure.

 

Landscaping & Wildlife: Crataegus arnoldiana is a beautiful flowering species that is suitable for shading patios, decorating lawns, and lining streets.  This shrub or small tree is often used to provide cover and food for a variety of birds and mammals.  The fruit is useful for wildlife as it is held late into the year.

 

Agroforestry: Arnold hawthorn is used in forested riparian buffers to help reduce stream bank erosion, protect water quality, and enhance aquatic environments.  Occasionally, it is used as a single row shelterbelt, which is often added in with other varieties to create diversities.

 

Status

Please consult the Plants Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

 

Description

General: Arnold hawthorn is a very easily grown deciduous shrub or small tree growing fifteen to thirty feet tall.  The leaves are simple, oval-shaped, 1.5 to 3 cm long with serrated edges.  The fruit is clusters of white flowers that are born on the tips of branches in the spring and are followed by red fruit that ripen in mid summer and remain on twigs until early autumn.  The twigs are gray to brown branches and stems that bear large stout thorns.

 

Distribution: Arnold hawthorn is native to Eastern Canada.  For current distribution, please consult the

Plant profile page for this species is on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Arnold hawthorn prefers rich, moist well-drained soils.  It succeeds in excessively moist soils and can tolerate droughty conditions for a short pirior of time.  This species is found on the slopes of coulees in open woods.  This shrub or small tree grows best in a location with full sunlight.  It can also be grown in exposed locations as well as tolerate city living.  It can also tolerate atmospheric pollution.

 

Establishment

Propagation from Seed: Seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame.  It is important to protect the seeds from mice or any seed-eating creatures.  Seeds can be slow to germinate.  One way to reduce the waiting time is to harvest seeds just before it is fully ripe, when the embryo has fully developed but before the seedcoat hardens and sow it immediately in a cold frame.  If you are growing large quantities of plants, it is best to sow them directly outdoors in a seedbed until they are large enough to out-plant.  If growing small quantities, pot the seedlings as soon as they are large enough to handle and grow them in individual pots for the first year.  Plant them in the late spring into nursery beds or their final positions.

 

Management

Trees should be bought and planted when they are no more than eight feet in height.  The best time to plant is in the fall or spring.  Ball and burlap trees should be planted in the early spring.  Pruning should be done in the winter or very early spring.

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Readily available through nurseries within its range.  Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

References

Barnes, B.V. & W.H. Wagner, Jr 1981.  Michigan trees.  The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

Dirr, M.A. & C.W. Heuser 1987.  The reference manual of woody plant propagation.  Varsity Press, Athens, Georgia.

 

Gleason, H.A. 1991.  Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.  2^nd ed. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

 

Nelson, R.A. 1992.  Handbook of Rocky Mountain plants.  4^th ed.  Roberts Rinehart Publishers, Niwot, Colorado.

 

Rehder, A. 1940.  Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs: hardy in North America.  2^nd ed.  The Macmillan Company, New York, New York.

 

Sargent, C.S. 1933.  Manual of the trees of North America.  The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

 

Sargent, C.S. 1961.  Manual of the trees of North America.  Vol. 1.  Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York.

 

Sheat, W.G. 1948.  Propagation of trees, shrubs, and conifers.  MacMillan and Company.

 

Taylor, N. 1965.  The guide to garden shrubs and trees.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachutsetts.

 

USDA, NRCS 2000.  Conservation trees and shrubs for Montana.  Custer County Soil Conservation District.  Accessed: 12jan02.

<https://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/pas/forestry/hawthorn.html>

 

Wyman, D. 1965.  Trees for American gardens.  The MacMillan Company, New York, New York

 

Prepared By

Jammie Favorite

Formerly, USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln M. Moore

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 09jan02 jsp; 24feb03 ahv; 05jun06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture