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Summary
Duration	Annual, Biennial
Growth Habit	Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACW-, FACW
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring, Summer, Fall
After Harvest Regrowth Rate	Slow
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Moderate
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Single Crown
Growth Rate	Rapid
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)
Height, Mature (feet)	3.5
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Short
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	Medium
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	No
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	140
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	5
pH, Maximum	7
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum
Precipitation, Minimum	22
Precipitation, Maximum	55
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	8
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	52
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Summer
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	No
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	No
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	130000
Seed Spread Rate	Rapid
Seedling Vigor	High
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Asteridae

Order  Asterales

Family  Asteraceae -- Aster family

Genus  Bidens L. -- beggarticks P

Species  Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. -- bearded beggarticks P

 

Alternate Names

beggar ticks

 

Uses

This plant is used mainly for landscape beautification.  It has potential for use in cultivated, garden situations, in naturalized prairie or meadow plantings, and along roadsides.

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Description

Bur marigold is an upright annual herb (1-5 feet tall) with a tap root.  The alternate leaves are pinnately or bipinnately dissected, with each segment lanceolate and toothed or lobed on the margin.  Plants produce numerous solitary flower heads held on long stalks from September to October; each head is 1-2 inches across and bright yellow with a yellow center.  Seeds are dark brown, flattened, and have two prongs that project from one end.

 

Adaptation and Distribution

Bur marigold grows and flowers best in full sun, but is also adapted to partial shade.  Plants are often found growing in open shade along the edge of a woodland.  It is adapted to most soil types, except for very sandy soils.  Natural stands are generally found on moist sites such as in ditches, marshes, and wet meadows.

 

Bur marigold is distributed throughout the eastern and midwest United States.  For a current distribution map, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Website.

 

Establishment

Seed should be planted from August to October.  The seed will not germinate until the following spring, but it requires exposure to cool, moist conditions during the winter.  A firm seedbed is required.  Bur marigold germinates best on a clean tilled site that has been firmed with a roller or finishing harrow before planting.  Seed can also be planted into a closely mowed, chemically-killed, or burned sod area with a light disking or harrowing that scratches the soil surface.  A thick layer of plant residue on the soil surface can interfere with seed germination.  Broadcast or shallowly drill 4-6 grams seed per 100 square feet (4-6 lb/acre).  Planting depth should range from at the surface to one-quarter of an inch deep.  Cultipacking after planting will ensure good seed to soil contact.

 

Management

Apply fertilizer according to soil test recommendations.  If not available, a rate of 3.5-5.5 oz per 100 square feet (100-150 lb/acre) of 13-13-13 should be applied after the seedlings are established and annually thereafter.  Natural or planted stands of bur marigold usually reseed heavily for two to three years but will gradually decline without maintenance.  A light to medium disking will help control perennial weeds and promote bur marigold germination.  Disking should be done in mid to late November.  If necessary, plants can be mowed in the spring before stem elongation begins in April.  Stands that are not disked should not be mowed again until after seed set in early November.

 

Prepared By & Species Coordinator:

USDA NRCS Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center, Coffeeville, Mississippi

 

Edited: 01Feb2002 JLK; 31may06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

Bignonia capreolata L.
crossvine

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Asteridae

Order  Scrophulariales

Family  Bignoniaceae -- Trumpet-creeper family

Genus  Bignonia L. -- bignonia P

Species  Bignonia capreolata L. -- crossvine P

 

Alternate Names

Anisostichus capreolata, Anisostichus crucigera, Bignonia capreolata forma lutea, Bignonia capreolata var. atrosanguinea, Doxantha capreolata, quartervine, trumpet flower.

 

Uses

Ethnobotanic: Native Americans used crossvine as a remedy for numerous health ailments. An infusion of leaves was used to purify blood. Decoctions of leaves were used for rheumatism. Decoctions of mashed bark were used to alleviate edema and headaches. Individuals with diphtheria gargled a mashed root infusion.

 

Ornamental: The showy, fragrant flowers and unique leaves of crossvine make this plant appropriate for some gardening and landscaping needs. It is often used as a cover for fences, arbors, walls, pillars or large trellises and as a groundcover. It is often recommended as a native ornamental alternative to non-native climbing vines.

 

Wildlife: The tubular flowers and large quantities of nectar produced by crossvine are attractants for hummingbirds and butterflies.

 

Legal Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Weediness

Crossvine can spread aggressively. This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. Please consult with your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, or state natural resource or agriculture department regarding its status and use.

 

Description

General: Bignonia family (Bignoniaceae). Crossvine is a perennial, woody, semi-evergreen vine that can grow to be 17 m long.  Tubers can grow to 10 cm in diameter. The stem is squarish and reddish-purple. Leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, and reduced to two basal leaflets and a branched tendril between them. Leaflets are 6-15 cm long, 2-7 cm wide and have smooth edges (entire), narrowly tapered tips (acuminate), and a notch at the base that makes them heart-shaped (cordate). The foliage turns from a lustrous green in the growing season to a reddish purple in the winter. Buds are reddish-purple and less than 1 cm long. Flowers are bell-shaped with orange on the outside and yellow inside, have 5 irregular lobes, and are 4-5 cm long. The fruit is a multi-seeded, flat capsule that is up to 15 cm long. Crossvine blooms from mid-March to mid-June and sets fruit in late summer.

 

Crossvine gets its name from the cross-shaped pith, as seen from a transverse section of the stem. Other key characteristics of crossvine include its opposite compound leaves with two leaflets and branched tendrils.

 

Distribution: Crossvine is native to the United States in the northeastern, north central, south central, and southeastern regions. It is found from southern Ontario, south to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site (https://plants.usda.gov).

 

Habitat: Crossvine is found in rich forests and swamps and along roadsides and fencerows.

 

Adaptation

The USDA hardiness zones for crossvine are 5-9. Although it is semi-evergreen, it may lose its leaves during especially harsh winters in zones 5 and 6.

 

Crossvine prefers full sun and moist, acidic, well-drained soils for best flowering. It is adaptable to other soil conditions, including poorly drained soils, once established and it can do well in low light levels. It is drought tolerant.

 

Management

If not properly managed, crossvine can spread quickly by root suckers and become problematic. Pruning will reduce aggressive growth if spread is not desired.

 

Seeds and Plant Production

Crossvine can be propagated by seeds or cuttings. Pretreatment of seeds is not necessary. Although a 90% germination rate can be expected, seedling survival and growth may be low. Seedlings may need to harden in winter temperatures before outplanting.

 

The species can be rooted at any time of the year but June or July cuttings are generally recommended. Crossvine cuttings root easily, but may take six to eight weeks.

 

Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

The NRCS Plant Materials Program has not released any cultivars of crossvine for conservation use.  Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government”.  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

Ornamental cultivars of Bignonia capreolata include ‘Atrosanguinea,’ ‘Dragon Lady,’ ‘Helen Fredel,’ ‘Jekyll,’ ‘Shalimar Red,’ and ‘Tangerine Beauty.’  These cultivars have been bred for flower color, flower and leaf size, and winter hardiness.

 

References

Agricultural Research Center. 2004. GRIN taxonomy (https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index, 22 April 2004). USDA, Beltsville.

 

Creech, D. 2004. Plants page, SFA Mast Arboretum (https://arboretum.sfasu.edu/plants/index.htm, 22 April 2004). Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches.

 

Dirr, M.A. 2004. Horticulture 3710 plant list: vines (https://www.nobleplants.com/classnotes/spring/springprofiles/vines.htm, 22 April 2004). Noble Plants, Athens.

 

Floridata. 2004. Plant encyclopedia (https://floridata.com, 22 April 2004). Floridata Marketplace, Tallahassee.

 

Johnson, F.L. and B.W. Hoagland. Catalog of the woody plants of Oklahoma (https://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/cover.htm, 22 April 2004). Oklahoma University, Norman.

 

Kemper Center for Home Gardening. 2004. Kemper web, PlantFinder (https://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Alpha.asp, 22 April 2004). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

 

Lindstrom, J.T. 2002. Bignonia capreolata (https://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/cotinus/plants3_html/bigncapr.html, 22 April 2004). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

 

Manhart, J.R. 2004. Texas A & M University Herbarium digital flora of Texas (https://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/gallery1.htm, 22 April 2004). Texas A & M University, College Station.

 

Reed, D. 2002. Wildflowers of the Southeastern United States (https://2bnthewild.com/).

 

Stine, M. 2003. Louisiana ecosystems and plant identification, (https://rnrstreamer.lsu.edu/ecosystems/webtour/, 22 April 2004). LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge.

 

Prepared By:

Sarah Wennerberg

Formerly USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Species Coordinator:

Mark Skinner

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 6May2004 sbw; 21Oct2004 rln; 31may06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture