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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree, Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU-, FACU
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Porous
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	30
Height, Mature (feet)	40
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Short
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Low
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Medium
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	150
Hedge Tolerance	Low
Moisture Use	Low
pH, Minimum	5
pH, Maximum	7
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	1200
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	2700
Precipitation, Minimum	28
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	18
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Tolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-18
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Early Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Medium
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Spring
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	4480
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	Low
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Rosidae

Order  Cornales

Family  Cornaceae -- Dogwood family

Genus  Cornus L. -- dogwood P

Species  Cornus florida L. -- flowering dogwood P

 

Alternate Names

American boxwood, arrowwood, Benthamia florida, boxwood, cornel, cornelian tree, Cornus candidissima, Cornus florida forma pendula, Cornus florida forma pluribracteata, Cornus florida forma xanthocarpa, Cornus florida var. pendula, Cornus florida var. rosea, Cornus florida var. rubra, Cynoxylon floridum, dogwood, eastern flowering dogwood, white cornel, white dogwood.

 

WARNING: The fruit of flowering dogwood is poisonous to humans.

 

Uses

Ethnobotanic: Flowering dogwood root bark was used by Native Americans as a fever reducer, skin astringent, an antidiarrheal agent, and as a pain reliever for headaches, sores, and muscle inflammations.  It was also used to counteract the effects of many poisons and as a general tonic for unspecified ailments.  The bark was used for headache and backache relief, as a throat aid for hoarseness, and as an infusion for childhood diseases like worms and measles.  Flowers were infused to reduce fever and relieve colic pains.  Compound infusions of several plant parts were used as blood

purifiers and as medicine for blood diseases like malaria. 

 

Ornamental: The showy blossoms and attractive fall foliage make flowering dogwood a valuable ornamental species.  It is commonly used in landscape and street plantings.  As a garden tree, it is used for shade around patios, as a shrub border or backdrop species, or as single specimens in the lawn.  It is best suited for plantings receiving less than full-day sun.

 

Restoration: Flowering dogwood is a soil improver because its leaf litter decomposes more rapidly than most other species.  For this reason flowering dogwood has been planted on abandoned strip mines and used for urban forestry projects.

 

Wildlife: Flowering dogwood is a valuable food plant for wildlife because high calcium and fat contents make it palatable.  Many bird types including songbirds, forest edge species, and upland game birds (e.g. wild turkey) consume the seeds.  The eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, gray fox, gray squirrel, black bear, beaver, white-tailed deer, and skunk readily consume flowering dogwood seeds as well.  Beaver, rabbits, and deer browse the leaves and sprouts of the plant.  Flowering dogwood also provides shelter and habitat for many wildlife species.

 

Wood production: The wood of flowering dogwood has been harvested for the manufacture of tool handles, charcoal, wheel cogs, hayforks, and pulleys.  It is occasionally used to make specialty items like golf club heads, roller skate wheels, knitting needles, and spools.  The wood is hard, strong, and shock resistant, making it suitable for wood products that need to withstand rough use.

 

Legal Status

Flowering dogwood is endangered in Maine, exploitably vulnerable in New York, and threatened in Vermont.  Please consult the PLANTS Web site (https://plants.usda.gov) and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Description

General: Dogwood Family (Cornaceae). Flowering dogwood is a deciduous multi-branched shrub or small tree, characterized by a rounded crown and horizontal branches that spread wider than its height.  Flowering dogwood is typically 5 to 15 m tall.  The bark on mature trees is broken into small square blocks that give the stem an “alligator” appearance.  Leaves are opposite, simple, medium-green in color, 7.6 to 15 cm long, and less than 7 cm wide.  The veins follow the elliptic curve of the leaf (arcuate).  Autumn foliage turns red or purple.  The flowers are yellow, very small, and clustered into inflorescences that are surrounded by 4 large white (pink) bracts.  Each bract has a rounded notch on the outer edge.  The fruit are yellow to red berrylike drupes that contain one to two cream-colored, ellipsoid seeds.  Flowers appear between March and June, with or before the leaves, and persist for 2 to 4 weeks.  Fruits ripen in September and October.

 

Key characteristics of flowering dogwood are its opposite leaves with arcuate venation, large showy flowers (bracts), onion-shaped terminal flower buds, and alligator bark on mature trees.

 

Distribution: Flowering dogwood is native to the northeastern and southeastern United States.  It occurs from Maine, south to Florida and west to eastern Texas, Missouri, Illinois, and southern Michigan.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site (https://plants.usda.gov).

 

Habitat: Flowering dogwood is an important understory species in the eastern deciduous and southern coniferous forests.  It is also found on floodplains, slopes, bluffs, ravines, gum swamps, along fencerows, and in old-field communities.  It is mentioned in 22 of the 90 Society of American Foresters forest cover types including jack pine, beech-sugar maple, eastern hemlock, oak-hickory, and prairie.

 

Adaptation

The USDA hardiness zones for flowering dogwood is 5 to 9.  Flowering dogwood trees grow best in course to medium textured, well-drained soils with a pH range of 6 to 7.  They are sensitive to rapidly changing soil temperature and are most abundant in temperature-consistent woodland soils.  Although they are tolerant of seasonal dry periods, they are not tolerant of severe drought or heavy, saturated soils.  The inability to grow on extremely dry sites is attributed to their shallow root system.

 

Flowering dogwood is an indicator of rich soil (mesic sites), but smaller trees will occur on more xeric sites.  Trees growing in the mesic sites are more susceptible to dogwood anthracnose (see Pests and Potential Problems).  In the future, flowering dogwood may only be found on poor, dry sites.

 

Partial or broken shade is best, but flowering dogwood can tolerate full sun.  It does best with some shade in the south and full sun in the north.  Shaded trees are less dense, grow more quickly and taller, and have poor flowering and fall color.  Trees exposed to more sun are stouter, bushier, and produce more flowers.

 

Flowering dogwood is not tolerant of stresses such as heat, drought, pollution, or salt.  These stresses make flowering dogwood more susceptible to disease, pests, and other problems.

 

Establishment

Flowering dogwood is intolerant of extended drought periods, especially during the first year after planting.  Daily watering is necessary for the first few weeks following planting.  After one month, watering should be reduced to two times per week and continue for one year.  Establishment takes 6 to 12 months for each inch of trunk diameter.  Larger trees benefit from irrigation during the second year.

 

Management

Flowering dogwood is moderately resistant to herbicides although direct application of Garlon has killed the plant.  Mechanically cutting stems results in smaller resprouts.  Midsummer-cut regeneration is typically smaller and shorter than regeneration from winter-cut.

 

Plants commonly resprout from the root crown after aboveground vegetation is damaged or destroyed by fire.  The aboveground portions of flowering dogwood are readily damaged by fire because the thin bark allows fatal levels of heat to reach the cambium very quickly. Post-fire recovery is generally more rapid after surface fires than after crown fires.

 

Extreme soil moisture and flooding is detrimental to the survival of flowering dogwood.  The tree can be uprooted in saturated soil.  Excess water also leaves this plant susceptible to pests and diseases.

 

Established trees in partial or deep shade need irrigation only in times of drought.  Those in full sun will need regular irrigation throughout their lives.

 

Pests and Potential Problems

Dogwood borer larvae move through openings in the bark and feed on the trunks of flowering dogwood.  If the cambium is destroyed, branches or the entire tree will die.  Leaves will turn red and drop early, and bark will slough off around holes on the trunk or branches.  An advantageous point of entry for larvae is through wounds.  For this reason, avoid hitting the trunk with lawn mowers or string trimmers to prevent infestation.  Insecticides are preventative, but will not control an existing infestation.

 

Twig borers will kill the tips of young twigs, but rarely kill an entire tree because they are usually present in small numbers.  Twig borers tunnel through the pith and deposit ambrosia fungi as a food source for larvae.  This infestation causes wilted leaves at the end of branches, and can be controlled by pruning infected twigs below the discolored pith area.

 

Larvae of the dogwood club-gall midge cause twigs to swell at the base of flowering dogwood leaves.  An early symptom of club gall is a wilted, deformed leaf.  The twig beyond the gall may die, but galls can be pruned and destroyed.  In early fall, larvae drop from the gall to over winter on the ground.  A light infestation is not harmful, but a heavy infestation will stunt the growth of the tree.

 

Flowering dogwood is threatened by dogwood blight caused by the dogwood anthracnose fungus.  Tan and purple colored leaf spots develop in the lower canopy and progress up the tree.  Infection spreads into the shoots, main branches, and trunk causing cankers to form.  Multiple cankers can girdle the trunk and kill the tree.  Diseased trees produce shoots that also become infected on the lower trunk and leaves.  Stressful environmental conditions like drought or acid rain may weaken trees, predisposing them to dogwood blight.  Dogwood blight can be controlled if the disease is detected before branch dieback begins.  Prune and remove all dead twigs, dead limbs, and new shoots, and rake and remove fallen leaves.  Remove crowding vegetation and thin the canopy to promote air circulation.  Avoid nitrogen fertilizer.  Fungicides can prevent infestations of new leaves and flowers.

 

Spot anthracnose attacks flowering dogwood leaves, stems, flowers, and buds.  Spots are usually very small with reddish or purplish borders.  Severe infestations can prevent flower buds from opening, distort leaves, and weaken trees.  Fungicides containing bordeaux 4-4-100, chlorothalonil, or mancozeb can control spot anthracnose on new plant tissue.  Clean up and dispose of infected leaves on the ground near the tree since this is where the fungi survive the winter.

 

Cankers form at wound sites and allow entrance to harmful insects and fungi.  Initial symptoms of cankers are blackened or water soaked areas on the bark.  This area will grow and will ooze a black liquid.  Leaves will appear smaller and paler.  Cankers cannot be controlled.  Prevent formation by avoiding trunk wounds.

 

Root injury, over-fertilization, or lack of soil drainage can lead to root rot.  Powdery mildew forms on new growth causing reddish discoloration, premature defoliation, and dead patches.  Leaf scorch symptoms are browning and drying leaf margins.  These symptoms can be caused by a lack of available soil moisture, transplanting shock, fertilizer or salt injury to roots or root rot diseases.  Raking up fallen leaves and improving air circulation through the canopy can control and prevent powdery mildew and leaf scorch.

 

Seeds and Plant Production

Flowering dogwood seeds can be hand-sown into outdoor beds soon after collection (September to October).  This allows for the seeds to undergo natural warm stratification prior to exposure to cooler winter temperatures.  Imbibe seeds overnight, dust with fungicide, and hand-sow 5 to 6 inches apart in rows.  Sprinkle endomycorrhizae over the seed before covering with soil.  Mulch the bed with sawdust.  Seeds can be artificially cold stratified for 100 to 130 days and germinated at 15 to 27^oC.  Prior to spring emergence (March to April), remove mulch.  Place shade cloth above newly emerged seedlings and keep it in place until August.

 

Flowering dogwood can also be propagated by cutting, grafting, layering, and root division.  It roots easily from cuttings taken in June or immediately after the plants bloom.  Cut 8 cm of the terminal shoot tip, keeping 2 to 4 leaves, and dip into a one part indole-butyric acid (IBA) to 250 part talc (by weight) mixture.  Set cuttings approximately 3 cm deep in rooting medium and grow under a misting system with a photoperiod of at least 18 hours.

 

Plants are best suited for transplanting at the beginning of the third year.  Seedling survival is generally best on moist, rich, well-drained soils.  Flowering dogwood may be difficult to transplant, but seedlings with a root ball are more successful than bare root transplants.

 

Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Several cultivars of flowering dogwood are readily available from commercial sources.  These cultivars have been developed for leaf color and variegation, flower color, fruit color, plant height, growth rate, and disease resistance.

 

Some examples of flowering dogwood cultivars include ‘Apple Blossom,’ ‘Bay Beauty,’ ‘Cherokee Brave,’ ‘Cherokee Chief,’ ‘Cloud 9,’ ‘First Lady,’ ‘Mystery,’ ‘Purple Glory,’ ‘Sweetwater Red,’ and ‘Welchii.’

 

References

Agricultural Research Center. 2004. GRIN taxonomy (https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index, 19 May 2004). USDA, Beltsville.

 

Athenic Systems. 2004. North American Trees (https://www.treeguide.com/namerican_tree.asp, 19 May 2004). Nature Hills Nursery, Omaha.

 

Baskin, C.C. and J.M. Baskin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of container Cornus florida L. plants. (https://www.nativeplantnetwork.org, 19 May 2004). Forest Research Nursery, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow.

 

Bowen, M.S. 2003. Louisiana ecosystems and plant identification (https://rnrstreamer.lsu.edu/ecosystems/ webtour/, 24 May 2004). Ag Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

 

Brand, M. 2001. Cornus florida (https://www.hort.ucon.edu/plants/c/corflo/corflo1.html, 19 May 2004). University of Connecticut Plant Database, Storrs.

 

Christman, S. 2004. Cornus florida (https://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm, 19 May 2004). Floridata, Tallahassee.

 

Cook, C.W. 2003. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of central North Carolina (https://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/, 24 May 2004). Duke University, Durham.

 

Evans, E. 2001. Plant fact sheets (https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/index.html, 19 May 2004). North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

 

Gilman, E.F. and K.C. Ruppert. 1994. Cornus florida, Fact Sheet ENH-40 (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG267). Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville.

 

Hamel, P.B. and M.U. Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherokee plants and their uses—a 400 year history. Herald Publishing, Sylva.

 

Herrick, J.W. 1977. Iroquois medical botany. State University of New York, Albany.

 

Kujawski, J. and K.M. Davis. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of plug and transplants of Cornus florida plants. (https://www.nativeplantnetwork.org, 19 May 2004). Forest Research Nursery, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow.

 

McLemore, B.F. 1990. Flowering dogwood. (https://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm, 19 May 2004). USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C.

 

Tirmenstein, C.A. 1991. Cornus florida. (https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/, 19 May 2004). Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula.

 

Virginia Tech Forestry Department. 2003. Dendrology tree fact sheets (https://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/factsheets.cfm, 19 May 2004). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

 

Wunderlin, R.P., and B.F. Hansen. 2003. Atlas of Florida vascular plants (https://www.plantatlas.usf.edu, 19 May 2004). Institute of Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

 

Prepared By:

Sarah Wennerberg

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Species Coordinator:

Mark Skinner

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 25May2004 sbw; 20Oct2004 rln; 25may06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture