Plant Guide

Arctostaphylos patula Greene
greenleaf manzanita
ARPA6

Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator

Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Moderate
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Red
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Slow
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	5
Height, Mature (feet)	6
Known Allelopath	Yes
Leaf Retention	Yes
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Semi-Erect
Toxicity	None

Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	High
Fertility Requirement	Low
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	120
Hedge Tolerance	Low
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	5.5
pH, Maximum	7.6
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	1210
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	4850
Precipitation, Minimum	13
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	20
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-28

Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Low
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	18000
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	Moderate

Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

Arctostaphylos patula Greene
greenleaf manzanita
ARPA6
Cultivar: Altura

Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator

Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Moderate
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Red
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Slow
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	5
Height, Mature (feet)	5
Known Allelopath	Yes
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None

Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	High
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	High
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	120
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	Low
pH, Minimum	6
pH, Maximum	7.9
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	700
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	1700
Precipitation, Minimum	14
Precipitation, Maximum	50
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	20
Salinity Tolerance	Low
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-28

Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Spring
Commercial Availability	Contracting Only
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Medium
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	26800
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None

Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Medium
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

Kingdom Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass Dilleniidae

Order Ericales

Family Ericaceae -- Heath family

Genus Arctostaphylos Adans. -- manzanita P

Species Arctostaphylos patula Greene -- greenleaf manzanita P

Uses

The fruits of greenleaf manzanita are utilized by bear, deer, other small mammals, and a wide array of birds. Infusions of the leaves and bark were used by some native Americans to treat cuts and burns. The crooked wood of central stems and lower branches are used in several cottage industries, including lamp stands and other decorative wood crafts.

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

Description

General: Heath Family (Ericaceae). Greenleaf manzanita is an erect evergreen shrub 1-2 m tall, with a broad, rounded crown. It has a basal burl and consequently resprouts after fire. The bark of young twigs is resinous to short hairy with golden glands, but mature bark is smooth and bright red-brown. Leaves have short petioles with ovate to almost round blades that are 2-5 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, bright yellowish green, and glabrous on both sides. The flowers, which open from April to June, are arranged in panicles with glandular scale-like bracts that are 3-7 mm long. The urn-shaped corollas are white, sometimes tinged with pink, and 6-8 mm long. The fruits are globose, 7-11 mm in diameter, smooth and chestnut brown, with a mealy pulp that encloses several, hard-walled seeds.

Hybrids between greenleaf manzanita and the prostrate kinnikinnick (A. uva-ursi) are found wherever the two species come into contact. Such hybrids have a spreading form, dense foliage, and white to pinkish flowers, which offer some promise as landscape ornamentals in areas experiencing cold winters.

Distribution

Arctostaphylos patula is one of the most widespread manzanitas, ranging throughout the mountains of western North America as far east as Colorado. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

Establishment

Adaptation: It inhabits well-drained, rocky slopes in association with coniferous forests and high elevation chaparral. Its general geographic range is characterized by cool, relatively dry summers and wet winters with precipitation ranging from 50 to 80 inches per year, partly as snow. It prefers well-drained, acidic soils in open sunny sites. Greenleaf manzanita has a high tolerance for cold, below-freezing winters, but depends partly on snow cover to protect dormant buds. Occasional fires may be important to successful seed germination and establishment and to crown sprouting in senescent plants.

Natural Establishment: Arctostaphylos patula, like most manzanita species, requires insect visitation to ensure seed-set. The flowers are pollinated most effectively by bees that grasp the flower and shake it by actively beating their wings. This process, like shaking a salt and pepper container, permits efficient collection of the pollen, which is used for food. Fruits are dispersed primarily by animals, which presumably aid later germination by ingesting and digesting the fruit and softening the outer seed coat. However, natural germination is sporadic except after fire, which cracks the hard coat of seeds that have accumulated in the litter layer. Greenleaf manzanita prefers loose, well-drained soils and, like other members of the heath family (Ericaceae), has an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal fungi.

Seed Propagation: Propagation from seed is difficult, because of the thick, bony seed walls and low rates of germination (less than 10%) without treatment. However, if propagation from seed is desired, treatment must ensure that the seed coat is broken without damaging the embryo. Individual seeds may be filed with a steel file, but larger quantities can be treated by placing them into a container of boiling water that is removed from the source of heat after 1-2 minutes. Seeds also respond well to burning, which is accomplished by firing a 4-inch deep layer of combustible leaves and twigs over a flat planted with seeds. These treatments crack the seed coats but may reduce viability. Treated seeds should be stratified in a moist mix of milled spaghnum and beach sand for 2-8 months until they germinate. Other techniques, including use of sulfuric acid to soften the seed coat, may enhance germination, but also requires special precautions against spillage and contamination.

Vegetative Propagation: Vegetative propagation is preferred over seeds. Greenleaf manzanita is most easily propagated by cutting terminal shoots that include 1-2 inches of the woody stem from the previous year. Cuttings work best if taken between March and May and should be dipped in a rooting hormone before being placed in a moist sand-peat mixture. Cuttings need to be kept moist by regular watering or misting until roots appear. Once rooted, they should be transplanted into small containers using potting soil, to allow for proper root development. Manzanitas generally do not transplant well, so they should be grown to vigorous conditions in one-gallon containers and then moved to a permanent position in the late fall or early winter. Relatively slow growth rates during the first few years can be expected. If plants are used in an urban landscape, the use of organic-rich soils and acidified fertilizers is recommended.

Management

Under natural conditions, no special management is required to maintain established manzanitas. Either scarified seeds or well-rooted container plants may be used to revegetate cleared sites. In the urban landscape, several horticultural techniques should be used to ensure healthy plants. All manzanitas should be planted higher than the surrounding soil to prevent crown rot, which can result from excessive water and soil moisture, especially during the summer. Overhead watering should also be avoided because it tends to encourage fungal diseases (e.g., Botryosphaeria) that cause branch die-back and leaf spot. Manzanitas are also susceptible to gall-producing aphids (Tamalia), which cause young leaves to curl and cease growth.

Periodic watering every 4-6 weeks will keep foliage healthy without weakening plants. Mulching is desirable to control weeds, retain soil moisture, and reduce the need for irrigation. Rock mulches have proven more successful than organic mulches. Pruning should be avoided and used only to remove dead wood and diseased branches.

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

'Altura' Greenleaf Manzanita was released in 1989 by the NRCS Plant Materials Center in Lockeford, California. This is a native, erect to semi-erect, evergreen shrub, 3-6 feet high and about 3-5 feet wide. It was collected from native plants in August and September of 1972 at South Lake Tahoe, California and was developed as a critical area stabilization plant for dry, rocky slopes and droughty, well-drained soils. It is slow to establish ground cover, but 3-4 year old plants provide good cover and erosion control. Stems root at nodes when put in contact with the ground by heavy snows. It seems to be useful for environmental enhancement and foundation plantings around mountain homes. It grows well in the Tahoe Basin, but is adapted to elevations down to 2000 feet where precipitation is adequate.

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone book under ”United States Government”. The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

References

Berg, A. 1974. Arctostaphylos Adans. Manzanita. pp. 228-231. IN C. Schopmeyer (ed.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook Number 450. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

Blum, G. 19??. Floral biology and pollination strategies of Arctostaphylos glauca and A. pringlei var. drupacea (Ericaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Riverside, California. 134 p.

Carlson, J. & W. Sharp 1975. Germination of high elevation manazanitas. USDA, Forest Service. Tree Planters’ Notes 26:10-11, 25-26.

Griffin, J. 1966. Notes on disjunct foothill species near Burney, California. Leaflets of Western Botany 10:296-298.

Griffin, J. 1967. Soil moisture and vegetation patterns in northern California forests. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. 27 p.

Hanes, T. 1988. California chaparral. pp. 417-469. IN M. Barbour and J. Major. Terrestrial vegetation of California. Special Publication No. 9. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California. 1030 p.

Kruckeberg, A. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 252 p.

Mallory, J., W. Colwell, & W. Powell 1973. Soils and vegetation of the French Gulch Quadrangle, Trinity and Shasta counties, California. Bulletin 12. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. 42 p.

Rundel, P., D. Parsons, & D. Gordon 1988. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. pp. 559-599. IN M. Barbour & J. Major. Terrestrial vegetation of California. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 9. Sacramento, California. 1030 p.

Sawyer, J. & D. Thornburgh 1988. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains. pp. 699-732. IN M. Barbour & J. Major. Terrestrial vegetation of California. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 9. Sacramento, California. 1030 p.

Sawyer, J., D. Thornbaugh, & J. Griffin 1988. Mixed evergreen forest. pp. 359-381. IN M. Barbour & J. Major. Terrestrial vegetation of California. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 9. Sacramento, California. 1030 p.

Smith, N. 1995. Manzanitas: A gardener’s guide. Pacific Horticulture 56(1):18-33.

Sweeney, J. 1968. Ecology of some “fire type” vegetations in northern California. pp. 111-125. IN Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida.

Thorne, R. 1988. Montane and subalpine forests of the Transverse and Peninsular ranges. pp. 537-557. IN M. Barbour & J. Major. Terrestrial vegetation of California. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 9. Sacramento, California. 1030 p.

Vankat, J. 1970. Vegetation change in Sequoia National Park, California. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis, California. 197 p.

Whittaker, R. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30:279-338.

Whittaker, R. 1961. Vegetation history of the Pacific coast states and the central significance of the Klamath region. Madrono 16:5-23.

Prepared By

Dieter Wilken & Julie Burgher

Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California

Species Coordinator

Dieter Wilken

Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California. Email: dwilken@sbbg.org

Edited 04dec00 jsp;03feb03ahv; 7Mar05 rln; 31may06jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

Attribution: U.S. Department of Agriculture