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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree, Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	Yes
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	White
Flower Conspicuous	Yes
Foliage Color	Dark Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Moderate
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Red
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	26
Height, Mature (feet)	26
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	Medium
CaCO3 Tolerance	Low
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	90
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	5.8
pH, Maximum	7.3
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	300
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	700
Precipitation, Minimum	34
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	18
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-38
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Medium
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Spring
Fruit/Seed Period End	Summer
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	Yes
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	20000
Seed Spread Rate	Moderate
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	None
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	High
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Medium
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Rosidae

Order  Rosales

Family  Rosaceae -- Rose family

Genus  Crataegus L. -- hawthorn P

Species  Crataegus aestivalis (Walt.) Torr. & Gray -- may hawthorn P

 

Uses

Erosion Control: Because it tolerates a wide variety of sites, it can be planted to stabilize banks, for shelterbelts, and from wind and water erosion. 

 

Timber: Although the wood is hard and strong, it has no commercial value except for tool handles and other small items.  Fruits are often gathered for jellies. 

 

Wildlife: It provides excellent cover and nesting sites for many smaller birds.  Birds, rodents, and other smaller mammals eat the small fruits.  White tailed deer browse the young twigs and leaves. 

 

Beautification/landscape: It is used in beautification project around homes, city streets, and office buildings.  It is excellent for environmental plantings, including small specimen tree and shrub borders. 

 

Status

Please consult the Plants Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values. 

 

Description

General: It is a spiny tree that grows to forty feet high and fifteen inches DBH.  Leaves are narrow, broadest above or near the middle, dark green and shiny, serrated, seldom lobed and smooth.  Flowers are white, produced singly or in two or three flowered clusters.  Fruits are broadest above the middle or rounded, and red in color. 

 

Distribution: May hawthorn grows on the outer coastal plain from North Carolina to Mississippi.  For current distribution, please consult the plant profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. 

 

Adaptation

Although it will succeed in partial shade and different soil types, it grows best in full sunlight, well-drained loamy soils.  May hawthorn will tolerate wet soils becoming drought tolerant once established.  It is wind tolerant making it a good tree species in shelterbelt planting.  It is also tolerant of atmospheric pollution and performs well in urban settings.  It is commonly found in river swamps, pond areas, and stream banks. 

 

Establishment

Propagation from Seed or Grafting: May hawthorn can be propagated by either seeds or grafting.  Successful propagation using seeds requires acid scarification followed by warm stratification and prechilling.  Seeds, whose numbers per pound (lb.) varies with species, are planted early in the fall, in drill rows eight to twelve inches apart and covered with 1/4 inch of soil.  Seedlings must not be kept in the nursery longer than a year. 

 

Containerized trees should be planted when they are no more than eight feet tall, in the fall or early spring.  Balled and burlapped trees should be planted in early spring. 

 

Grafting on seedling stock of Crataegus oxyacantha or Crataegus monogyna is best carried out in the winter to early spring. 

 

Management

Pruning should be done in the winter or early spring in order to maintain a clear shoot leader on young trees and/or remove the weakest branches to allow more light to pass through.  Suckers or stems arising from the roots should be removed when they become noticeable. 

 

Pest and Potential Problems

Although pests and diseases seldom affect Crataegus aestivalis, it is susceptible to fire-blight, cedar-hawthorn rust, cedar-quince rust, leaf blight and fruit rot, and leaf spot. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Consult your local nurseries to choose the right cultivar for your specific landscape. 

 

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

References

Dirr, M.A. 1990.  Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and uses.  3^rd ed.  Stipes, Champaign, Illinois.

 

Duncan, W.H. & M.B. Duncan 1988.  Trees of the Southeastern United States.  University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.

 

Elias, T.S. 1989.  Field guide to North American trees.  Revised ed. Grolier Book Clubs Inc., Danbury, Connecticut.

 

Flint, H.L. 1983.  Landscape plants for eastern North America.  John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, New York.

 

Harrar, E.S. & J.G. Harrar. 1962.  Guide to southern trees.  2^nd ed.  Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York.

 

Little, E.E. 1996.  National Audubon Society field guide to North American trees: Eastern region.  Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York.

 

USDA Forest Service 1974.  Seeds of woody plants in the United States.  Agricultural Handbook 450. USDA, Washington, DC.

 

USDA Forest Service 1990.  Silvics of North America.  Agricultural Handbook 654.  Forest Service, USDA, Washington, DC.

 

Young, J. A. & C.G. Young. 1992.  Seeds of woody plants in North America.  Revised and enlarged ed.  Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon

 

Prepared By

Alfredo B. Lorenzo

Formerly, Southern University and A&M College

College of Agricultural, Family and Consumer Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln M. Moore

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 18apr02 jsp; 25feb03 ahv; 05jun06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture