Plant Guide

Betula papyrifera Marsh.
paper birch
BEPA

Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU, FACU+

Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat
C:N Ratio	Medium
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Moderate
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Rapid
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	40
Height, Mature (feet)	70
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Short
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None

Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	Medium
CaCO3 Tolerance	Low
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Medium
Frost Free Days, Minimum	80
Hedge Tolerance	Low
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	4.5
pH, Maximum	7
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	300
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	700
Precipitation, Minimum	12
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	24
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-43

Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Summer
Fruit/Seed Persistence	Yes
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	Yes
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	1380800
Seed Spread Rate	Rapid
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None

Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	Medium
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	High
Palatable Graze Animal
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	Yes
Veneer Product	No

Kingdom Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass Hamamelididae

Order Fagales

Family Betulaceae -- Birch family

Genus Betula L. -- birch P

Species Betula papyrifera Marsh. -- paper birch P

Alternative Names

White birch (B. p. var. paperifera), paperbark birch, silver birch, canoe birch; western paper birch (B. p. var. commutata), mountain paper birch (B. p. var. cordifolia), Kenai birch (B. p. var. kenaica)

Uses

Ethnobotanic: The sap and inner bark is used as emergency food (MacKinnon & Pojar 1994). White birch can be tapped in the spring to obtain sap from which beer; syrup, wine or vinegar is made. The inner bark can be dried and ground into a meal and used as a thickener in soups or added to flour used in making bread. A tea is made from the root bark and young leaves of white birch. The Shuswap made soap and shampoo from the leaves (MacKinnon, Pojar, & Coupe´ 192). It is also used by native Americans to make canoes, buckets, and baskets. The Shuswap were noted for their beautiful birch bark baskets (Ibid.). North American Indian tribes used white birch to treat skin problems of various rashes; skin sores, and burns (Moerman 1998). The bark has been used to make casts for broken bones.

Economic: White birch wood is used commercially for pulpwood, plywood, veneer, and turnery. Tree chips are used for paper manufacture and fuel.

Medicinal: A decoction has been used to treat dysentery, various diseases of the blood, induce sweating, and to ensure an adequate supply of milk in nursing mothers (Moerman 1998). Birch gum could have been medicinal for some stone-age gathers. The chewable gum contains zylitol, a disinfectant, and some terpenes, which could give the chewier a mild buzz (MacKinnon & Pojar 1994).

Landscaping & Wildlife: Betula papyrifera is commonly used as a landscape tree for it’s striking coloration. It is a desirable ornamental to be planted around homes and public buildings, in parks, and on campuses. Moose, snowshoe hare, and white-tailed deer browse paper birch. Numerous birds and small mammals eat the buds, catkins, and seeds.

Agroforestry: White birch is used in forested riparian buffers to help reduce stream bank erosion, protect aquatic environments, enhance wildlife, and increase biodiversity.

Status

Please consult the Plants Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

Description

General: Birch family (Betulaceae). White birch is a deciduous small to medium sized native tree. The leaves are alternate, ovate or triangular, five to ten centimeters long. The flowers are male and female flowers in separate catkins two to four centimeters long, the catkins break up at maturity (MacKinnon & Pojar 1994). The fruits are mature seed catkins that are three to five centimeters long. The bark is thin, smooth, dark red to almost black on young stems, becoming reddish-brown and then bright creamy white (Farrar 1995).

Distribution: White birch is native in Northern North America. It is widely distributed from northwestern Alaska east across Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, south in northwestern states to Pennsylvania and Iowa and in the western states to Montana and northeastern Oregon (Viereck & Little & 1972). For current distribution, please consult the Plant profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

Adaptation

White birch is adapted to a variety of soils. It grows best in well-drained acid, sandy or silty loam, in cold soil temperatures and ample moisture. It is not tolerant of drought, compacted soils, or areas with high air temperatures. This species grows best in full sunlight and is very shade intolerant. It does not perform well in harsh conditions or heat and is not tolerant of pollution.

Establishment

Propagation from Seed: Propagation by seed requires that the seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe. Sow the seeds in containers or seed trays containing a seed germination medium to which a slow release fertilizer is added. Firm the medium and sow the seed thinly and evenly on top, and cover with medium to a depth of medium (Heuser 1997). Place the pots in a sunny location in a cold frame. Plant seedlings into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. When seedlings are large enough to handle they should be placed into individual pots and grown in a cold frame for their first winter.

Management

Fertilization and irrigation should be done to maintain white birch vigorous condition and to help prevent borer infestation. Don’t prune this birch or other birches until summer because they are “bleeders” and should not be cut when the sap is flowing.

White birch is susceptible to bronze birch borer and birch leaf minor.

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Readily available at nurseries. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone book under ”United States Government”. The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

References

Barnes, B.V. & W.H. Wagner, Jr. 1981. Michigan trees. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Britton, N.L. 1908. North American trees. Henry Holt & Company, New York.

Dirr, M.A. 1997 Dirr’s hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Dirr, M.A. 1990. Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation, and uses. 4^th ed. Stipes Publishing Co., Champaigne, Illinois.

Great Plains Flora Association 1986. Flora of the great plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawerence, Kansas.

Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees of the northern United States and Canada. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Heuser, C.W. 1997. The complete book of plant propagation. The Taunton Press, Newtown, Connecticut.

Viereck, L.A. & E.L. Little, Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Agriculture Handbook No. 410.

Pojar, J. & A. MacKinnon 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing, Redmond, Washington.

Preston, R.J. Jr. 1948. North American trees. 2^nd ed. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.

MacKinnon, A., J. Pojar, & R. Coupe´. 1992. Plants of the northern British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Canada.

McMinn, H.E. & E. Maino 1963. An illustrated manual of pacific coast trees. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Moerman, D. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon.

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 1999. Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia. Accessed: 11jan02.

<https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/vphotos.html>

Preston, R.J. Jr. 1989. North American trees. 4^th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Sargent, C.S. 1961. Manual of the trees of North America. Vol. 1. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York.

Weber, W.A. 1990. Colorado flora: eastern slope. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.

Prepared By

Lincoln M. Moore

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Species Coordinator

Lincoln M. Moore

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Edited: 09jan02 jsp; 14feb03 ahv; 31may06 jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

Attribution: U.S. Department of Agriculture