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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree, Shrub
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU, FAC
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Green
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Multiple Stem
Growth Rate	Rapid
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	15
Height, Mature (feet)	30
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Medium
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	High
Frost Free Days, Minimum	180
Hedge Tolerance	Medium
Moisture Use	Low
pH, Minimum	5.8
pH, Maximum	7.5
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	300
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	1200
Precipitation, Minimum	12
Precipitation, Maximum	25
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	24
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intermediate
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-43
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	Yes
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	13663
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	Slow
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	Medium
Lumber Product	No
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	High
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Rosidae

Order  Sapindales

Family  Aceraceae -- Maple family

Genus  Acer L. -- maple P

Species  Acer glabrum Torr. -- Rocky Mountain maple P

 

Alternate common names

Mountain maple, Douglas maple, Douglas Rocky Mountain maple, three leaf Rocky Mountain maple, rose-fruit Rocky Mountain maple,  Sierra maple, California mountain maple, New Mexico maple, box maple, rock maple, dwarf maple

 

Uses

Rocky Mountain maple is planted to a limited extent to improve wildlife habitat, to stabilize slopes, and to provide low-maintenance landscaping.  The striking red bark and contrasting light green leaves, turning red in the fall, make it a desirable ornamental shrub. 

 

Rocky Mountain maple is a highly valued big game browse species.  Moose, elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer to varying degrees throughout the year eat its leaves and twigs, but it is especially important as a winter food source.  Post-wildfire brush fields, with Rocky Mountain maple as an important component, are prime winter range and provide both cover and food for moose, elk, and deer.  The species also provides considerable cover and nesting habitat for many game birds, songbirds, and small mammals, especially where the maples grow more densely in open habitats.  In commercial timber operations, shrub fields of Rocky Mountain maple often interfere with seedling establishment and early growth of conifers, and the maple is removed.  

 

The easily bendable stems were used by various American Indian tribes to make drying racks, drum hoops, snowshoe frames, spears, pegs, toys, and masks.  The fibrous bark was woven into mats and rope.  A bark decoction was used as a poison antidote.  

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

 

Description

General: Maple Family (Aceraceae): This is a native shrub 1.5-2 m tall or trees 6-10(-12) m tall, variable in form, with short trunk(s) and slender, upright branches, hairless, with slender, reddish-brown shoots and thin; bark smooth, gray or brown.  The leaves are deciduous, opposite, 4-12 cm long and wide, sometimes smaller, sometimes divided into three lanceolate leaflets but usually palmately 3(-5)-lobed and veined, the lobes ovate with narrowly acute sinuses and double-toothed edges, with a reddish petiole, shiny dark green above, paler or whitish beneath, turning pale yellow to yellowish-orange or crimson in fall.  The flowers are greenish-yellow, with petals usually present, in short, branched terminal or axillary flat-topped clusters 2.5-5 cm long, on drooping stalks.  The male and female flowers are usually on separate plants (the species essentially dioecious) or on the same plant (the species technically polygamo-dioecious).  The fruits are winged nutlets (samaras) 2.5 cm long, often reddish tinted at maturity, in a long-stalked, wide-spreading pair.  The common name is derived from the predominantly Rocky Mountain distribution. 

 

Variation within the species: Numerous varieties of Rocky Mountain maple have been described primarily on the basis of variation in stature, twig color, leaf lobing and size, and fruit shape.  The following are currently recognized. 

 

Var. diffusum (Greene) Smiley

Var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel

Var. glabrum

Var. greenei Keller

Var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney and Peebles

Var. torreyi (Greene) Smiley

 

Distribution: Rocky Mountain maple is broadly distributed in the western U.S., from southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, and southwestern Alberta, south from western Washington to southern California and east to southern New Mexico, northwestern Nebraska, and Montana.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Moist but well-drained seepage sites, mostly in rocky areas, along streambanks, moist slopes, canyons, and ravines, sometimes dry ridges, at low to middle elevations and moist sites in high mountains, 900-3300 meters.  Rocky Mountain maple is a long-lived, shade-tolerant seral species that often persists in the understory of late seral or climax coniferous stands, usually Douglas fir, grand fir, subalpine fir, white fir, or Engelmann spruce.  Because of its sprouting ability, it often gains dominance in seral shrub communities after conifer overstories are eliminated or reduced by wildfire or logging. 

 

This species flowers in April-June(-July) and fruits in August(-September and October). 

 

Establishment

Rocky Mountain maple begins to produce seed probably before 10 years of age, but “resprouts” may produce seed by 5 years after a fire.  Seed is produced annually but large seed crops may not be produced every year.  The seeds require approximately 6 months of chilling to break embryo dormancy, usually supplied under natural conditions for spring germination.  They quickly lose viability after the first year in storage as well as under natural conditions.  Germination and early establishment occur best in partial shade, but rates of germination and establishment are generally low. 

 

Rocky Mountain maple produces numerous root crown sprouts following disturbances from fire or logging, but it does not appear to spread from root suckers or rhizomes.  It is difficult to grow from cuttings.

 

Management

Most fires top-kill Rocky Mountain maple but root crown sprouts allow it to persist or increase in postfire communities.  Hot fires may damage root crowns.  Rocky Mountain maple in northern Idaho sprouts 4-8 weeks after prescribed burns in spring (when plants are still in winter dormancy) and sprouts the following spring after fall burning.  Summer prescribed fires are helpful to an associated species, redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus), which requires high temperatures to crack seedcoats prior to germination.  

 

Rocky Mountain maple is best established by transplanting 2-year-old or older stock.  To produce seedlings for transplanting, seed may be sown directly in the field or in nursery beds.  Unstratified seed should be planted in the fall for best results; stratified seed is planted in the spring.  Seeds should be stored in sealed containers at 1.6–5^oC, but viability may be no more than 1-3 years.  Warm stratify at 20–35.5^oC for 180 days and then moist chill at 3–5^oC for 180 days; or moist chill for 3–6 months at 3–5^oC.  Planting depth is 0.6–2.5 centimeters.  Guidelines for seed storage, treatment, growing seedling transplants, and planting are summarized in Olson (1974), Shaw (1984), and Wenger (1984).  

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Rocky Mountain maple is available a nurseries within its range.

 

References

Olson, D.F., Jr. & W.J. Gabriel 1974.  Acer L.  In: C.S. Schopmeyer (techn. coord.).  Seeds of woody plants in the United States.  Agric. Handb. 450.  USDA, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 

 

Shaw, N. 1984.  Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs.  In: P.M. Murphy (compiler).  The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area: Proceedings, Intermountain Nurseryman's Association conference; Las Vegas, 1983.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168.  USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 

 

Uchytil, R. J. 1989.  Acer glabrum.  IN: W.C. Fischer (compiler).  The fire effects information system [Data base].  USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.  <https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/>

 

Vories, K.C. 1981.  Growing Colorado plants from seed: A state of the art.  Volume I.  Shrubs.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-103.  USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

 

Wenger, K.F. (ed.) 1984.  Forestry handbook (ed. 2).  John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York.

 

Prepared By

Guy Nesom, BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln Moore, USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 13nov00jsp; 07feb03ahv; 24may06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture