"Growing Online"tm

 

 

   

 

Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FAC, FACW
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Coarse
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	35
Height, Mature (feet)	100
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	High
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	High
Fire Tolerance	Medium
Frost Free Days, Minimum	160
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	6.4
pH, Maximum	7.4
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	170
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	700
Precipitation, Minimum	30
Precipitation, Maximum	58
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	60
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Tolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-18
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Low
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	30
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	Yes
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	High
Lumber Product	Yes
Naval Store Product	Yes
Nursery Stock Product	No
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal	Low
Palatable Human	Yes
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	Yes

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Hamamelididae

Order  Juglandales

Family  Juglandaceae -- Walnut family

Genus  Carya Nutt. -- hickory P

Species  Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don -- shellbark hickory P

 

Alternate Names

Big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, western shellbark, shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut

 

Uses

The wood of shellbark hickory is hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible, making it a favored wood for tool handles.  The hardness and beauty of the grain also make it desired for furniture, cabinets, and veneer.  All hickories, however, suffer from ring shake, a separation of wood along the annual rings and a serious problem for thin veneers.  It also is prized as fuelwood and charcoal.

 

The nuts of shellbark hickory are sweet and edible and the largest of all hickories.  They are eaten by a wide range of wildlife species, including ducks, quail, wild turkeys, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, foxes, raccoons, and white-footed mice.  The tree is rarely planted as a shade tree; it is relatively slow growing and difficult to move because of its taproot.  Numerous cultivars have been selected for use in nut production or as grafting stock.

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State

Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

 

Description

General: Hickory Family (Caryaceae).  This species is a native tree 20-30(40) m tall, with an open, round to oblong crown; twigs thick, orange-brown, rusty-hairy when young, becoming glabrous, with a large, elongate terminal bud; bark initially smooth and light gray with shallow interlacing ridges, later developing long, broad, loosely attached plates attached at the middle and curving away from the trunk, resulting in a coarsely shaggy appearance.  The leaves are deciduous, alternate, pinnately compound, (3)5-9 dm long, with a usually hairy rachis, leaflets (5)7-9(11), obovate to oblong-lanceolate, 9-20 cm long, the terminal usually much larger than the lateral, acuminate, coarsely toothed, without tufts of hair on the teeth, shiny dark green above, paler and soft-hairy beneath and scaly with abundant large peltate scales and small round peltate scales.  The male (staminate) flowers are in slender, yellow-green, pendent spikes (catkins) to 20 cm long, female (pistillate) flowers are short, in clusters of 2-5 at branch tips; male and female flowers borne separately but on the same tree (the species monoecious).  Fruits are tan to brown, spherical to ellipsoid, not compressed or slightly so, 4.5-6 long, 4-5 cm wide, the husks minutely hirsute, 7-13 mm thick, divided all the way to the base into 4 sections; nuts large, 4­angled, cream colored, thick-shelled (4 mm).  The common name is in reference to the mature bark that peels away like a shell, albeit in strips.  It is also called kingnut hickory, because it has the largest nut of all hickories.

 

Variation within the species: No variants are recognized within the species, but numerous cultivars of shellbark hickory have been named, with most originating in Iowa or Pennsylvannia (Grauke 1988).  Hybrids with pecan form C. x nussbaumeri Sarg. – a group of hybrids with large nuts.  One of them, 'Gerardi', has been recommended as a rootstock for pecan.  Shellbark hickory also hybridizes with shagbark hickory to produce C. x dunbarii.

 

Shellbark hickory is similar to shagbark (Carya ovata) in its bark that peels away in plates.  Trees of shellbark tend to be shorter and with heavier branches than shagbark, and the bark plates of shellbark hickory are straighter (with less curve).  Shellbark generally has 7-9 leaflets (vs. 5) and the leaves do not have tufts of hair at the tip of the teeth.  The shellbark hickory prefers bottomlands and is not as widely distributed as the shagbark.  The flavor of shellbark kernels is considered by many to be inferior to shagbark hickory. 

 

Distribution: Shellbark hickory grows primarily in the Ohio and upper Mississippi River valleys, but the total range is wider, from New England west to southeastern Iowa, then south to northeastern Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Kentucky, with isolated populations in southern Arkansas, east Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and northern Georgia.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Shellbark usually occurs on deep bottomland soils of rivers and creeks but can less commonly occur on dry, sandy soils and open cedar glades in northern portions of its range, at elevations of 20-300 meters.  It is a minor component of the bur oak forest and in the South, of the swamp chestnut oak­cherrybark oak forest.  It usually occurs in mixtures with various other bottomland species.

 

Flowering: April-June, after the leaves have appeared; fruiting: September-October but some fruits may persist on trees until December.

 

Establishment

The minimum tree age for seed production in shellbark hickory is about 40 years, with most seed produced between 75-200 years.  Some seeds are borne every year but mast crops are produced about every second year or more irregularly.  Shellbark hickory seeds require 90-120 days of cold stratification to break embryo dormancy prior to germination.

 

Germination and establishment occur from late April to early June.  The seedlings rapidly develop a long taproot, but shoot growth is initially slow.  Young plants are frequently overtopped by competition but they are shade-tolerant.  Shellbark hickory sprouts readily following fire or cutting (or other mechanical injury).  Oldest trees may reach 300 years of age.

 

Management

Trees are late coming into leaf (usually late May to June) and lose their leaves early in the autumn (usually October).  The mature leaves cast a heavy shade.  This light regime makes the trees well suited for a mixed woodland planting with shrubs and other trees beneath.

 

Seeds are best sown in a cold frame, for natural stratification, as soon as they are ripe.  Stored seed should be kept moist; stratify 60-150 days at 1° C.  Sow 1-2 seeds in a deep pot and thin to the best seedling; accommodate the tap root if necessary to transplant, but place into permanent positions as soon as possible, preferably in the first summer.  Seed can also be sown in situ, giving protection from predators and from cold (a plastic bottle with the top and bottom removed and a top-fitted wire mesh).

 

Shellbark hickory sprouts readily following fire or cutting (or other mechanical injury) and coppice management has been recommended.  The species can be propagated with good success by grafting and budding.  Hickories are generally self-fertile but larger crops of better quality seeds are produced following cross-pollination.  Other information on cultivars and cultivation of shellbark hickory is found at the website of the Northern Nut Growers Association (see References).

 

Numerous insects and fungi affect hickories but shellbark hickory has no enemies that seriously threaten its development. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

 

References

Grauke, L.J. 1988.  A cultivar list for hickory.  79th Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 

 

Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.  2000.  Web Site.  <https://www.icserv.com/nnga/shelhick.htm>

 

Schlesinger, R.C. 1990.  Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.  Shellbark Hickory.  Pp. 211-214, IN: R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala (tech. coords.).  Silvics of North America.  Volume 2.  Hardwoods.  USDA, Forest Service Agric. Handbook 654, Washington, D.C.

 

Stone, D.E. 1993.  Carya.  Pp. 417-425, IN: Flora of North America, north of Mexico.  Vol. 3.  Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York.  <https://hua.huh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/Flora/flora.pl?FLORA_ID=12395>

 

Strang, J.G., G.R. Brown, R.T. Jones, L.A. Weston, R. Bessin, & J.R. Hartman 1987.  Nut tree growing in Kentucky.  University of Kentucky Agricultural Communications Services.  Web site.  <https://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id77/id77.htm>  Accessed September 2000. 

 

Prepared By

Guy Nesom

BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln Moore

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited: 17jan01 jsp;10feb03 ahv; 01jun06 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture