"Growing Online"tm
"Growing Online"tm
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Plant Guide
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring and Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Moderate |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Moderate |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Fine |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Moderate |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
2.5 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
Low |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
High |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
Medium |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
18 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
60 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Medium |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Moderate |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
150 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
30 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
45 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-33 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Moderate |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Porous |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Medium |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4.5 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Semi-Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
High |
|
Fertility Requirement |
Medium |
|
Fire Tolerance |
High |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
200 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
Medium |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
7.5 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
24 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
60 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-53 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Early Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Spring |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
Low |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Moderate |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Moderate |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
145 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
30 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
45 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-43 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
Medium |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Low |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
30 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
50 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
Medium |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Moderate |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
120 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
18 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
50 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
Medium |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
110 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
35 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
55 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
Medium |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Moderate |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Low |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
|
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Dark Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Moderate |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Fine |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
2.5 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Low |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
Medium |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
18 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
40 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-43 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Spring |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Medium |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
3.5 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Short |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Low |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
Medium |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
24 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
55 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-43 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Early Summer |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
Medium |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Moderate |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Moderate |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
28 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
55 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Early Summer |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
Medium |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
32 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
55 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-38 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
Medium |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Rapid |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
|
|
Duration |
Perennial |
|
Growth Habit |
Graminoid |
|
U.S. Nativity |
Native and Introduced to U.S. |
|
Federal T/E Status |
|
|
National Wetland Indicator |
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology/Physiology |
|
|
Active Growth Period |
Spring, Summer, Fall |
|
After Harvest Regrowth Rate |
Slow |
|
Bloat |
None |
|
C:N Ratio |
Medium |
|
Coppice Potential |
No |
|
Fall Conspicuous |
No |
|
Fire Resistant |
No |
|
Flower Color |
Yellow |
|
Flower Conspicuous |
No |
|
Foliage Color |
Green |
|
Foliage Porosity Summer |
Dense |
|
Foliage Porosity Winter |
Porous |
|
Foliage Texture |
Coarse |
|
Fruit/Seed Color |
Brown |
|
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous |
No |
|
Growth Form |
Rhizomatous |
|
Growth Rate |
Rapid |
|
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet) |
|
|
Height, Mature (feet) |
4 |
|
Known Allelopath |
No |
|
Leaf Retention |
No |
|
Lifespan |
Long |
|
Low Growing Grass |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
Resprout Ability |
No |
|
Shape and Orientation |
Erect |
|
Toxicity |
None |
|
|
|
|
Growth Requirements |
|
|
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils |
No |
|
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils |
Yes |
|
Anaerobic Tolerance |
Low |
|
CaCO3 Tolerance |
High |
|
Cold Stratification Required |
No |
|
Drought Tolerance |
Low |
|
Fertility Requirement |
High |
|
Fire Tolerance |
Medium |
|
Frost Free Days, Minimum |
90 |
|
Hedge Tolerance |
None |
|
Moisture Use |
High |
|
pH, Minimum |
5.5 |
|
pH, Maximum |
8 |
|
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum |
|
|
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum |
|
|
Precipitation, Minimum |
32 |
|
Precipitation, Maximum |
55 |
|
Root Depth, Minimum (inches) |
12 |
|
Salinity Tolerance |
Low |
|
Shade Tolerance |
Intolerant |
|
Temperature, Minimum (°F) |
-53 |
|
|
|
|
Reproduction |
|
|
Bloom Period |
Late Spring |
|
Commercial Availability |
Routinely Available |
|
Fruit/Seed Abundance |
High |
|
Fruit/Seed Period Begin |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Period End |
Summer |
|
Fruit/Seed Persistence |
No |
|
Propagated by Bare Root |
No |
|
Propagated by Bulb |
No |
|
Propagated by Container |
No |
|
Propagated by Corm |
No |
|
Propagated by Cuttings |
No |
|
Propagated by Seed |
Yes |
|
Propagated by Sod |
No |
|
Propagated by Sprigs |
No |
|
Propagated by Tubers |
No |
|
Seed per Pound |
142880 |
|
Seed Spread Rate |
Slow |
|
Seedling Vigor |
High |
|
Small Grain |
No |
|
Vegetative Spread Rate |
Moderate |
|
|
|
|
Suitability/Use |
|
|
Berry/Nut/Seed Product |
No |
|
Christmas Tree Product |
No |
|
Fodder Product |
Yes |
|
Fuelwood Product |
None |
|
Lumber Product |
No |
|
Naval Store Product |
No |
|
Nursery Stock Product |
No |
|
Palatable Browse Animal |
Low |
|
Palatable Graze Animal |
High |
|
Palatable Human |
No |
|
Post Product |
No |
|
Protein Potential |
Medium |
|
Pulpwood Product |
No |
|
Veneer Product |
No |
|
Kingdom Plantae -- Plants |
|
Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants |
|
Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants |
|
Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants |
|
Class Liliopsida -- Monocotyledons |
|
Subclass Commelinidae |
|
Order Cyperales |
|
Family Poaceae -- Grass family |
|
Species Bromus inermis Leyss. -- smooth brome P |
Caution: This plant may become invasive. Please consult a specialist in your area.
Alternate Names
bromegrass, Austrian brome, Hungarian brome, Russian brome
Uses
Livestock: Smooth brome may be used for hay, pasture, or silage. It is compatible with alfalfa or other adapted legumes. The grass is highly palatable and is high in protein content and relatively low in crude-fiber content.
Erosion Control: Since the plant has a massive root system and is a sod former it can be used effectively for critical area planting and grassed waterways if the areas can be irrigated or where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches.
Wildlife: Smooth brome can be used as a component in various upland wildlife and conservation cover mixes for nesting cover and food. Note: This species is no longer recommended for wildlife use in some states because of its aggressive nature.
Status
Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values). This plant has threatened status in Michigan.
Weediness
This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. Please consult with your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, or state natural resource or agriculture department regarding its status and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at plants.usda.gov.
Description
Bromus inermis, smooth brome, is a leafy, sod-forming, perennial, cool season grass that spreads by rhizomes. This species is both native and introduced. The stems vary in height from 2 to 4 feet. The plant produces numerous basal and stem leaves that vary in length from 4 to 10 inches. Frequently the leaves are marked by a transverse wrinkle resembling a “W” a short distance below the tip. The flower head develops a characteristic rich purplish-brown color when mature. The seed is produced in semi-compact 5 inch long panicles with ascending branches. The flat compressed seed is usually awnless, about 1/3 inch long, and smooth. There are approximately 136,000 seeds per pound. Smooth brome is the most widely used of the cultivated bromegrasses and has been cultivated in the U.S. since the early 1880s.
Adaptation and Distribution
Smooth brome is best adapted to cooler climates and is generally hardier than tall fescue or orchardgrass. It is resistant to drought and extremes in temperature. This plant is very susceptible to disease in areas of high humidity. Smooth brome grows best on slightly acid to slightly alkaline well drained clay loam soils with high fertility but it will also grow well on lighter textured soils where adequate moisture and fertility are maintained. Smooth brome performs best in a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. Stands are difficult to obtain and growth is poor on soils high in soluble salts.
Smooth brome is distributed throughout most of the United States. For a current distribution map, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Website.
Establishment
A clean firm seedbed is needed. Due to the slow germination and establishment of smooth brome, spring seedings are especially preferred in the northern states. In southern areas, late summer seedings are a second option. Fall seedings should be made at least 6 weeks before a killing frost is expected. Seeding rates are typically 5-10 pounds per acre in mixtures, and about 15 pounds when seeded alone. When smooth brome is seeded in a mixture with alfalfa, the alternate row method will give the best results. For seed production plantings under irrigation, seed in rows 30 to 42 inches apart at a rate of 3 to 4 pounds per acre. Seedings should be drilled at a depth of 1/2 to 3/4 inch. If broadcast increase the seeding rate and cultipack after planting.
Management
Smooth brome requires heavy early spring and fall applications of nitrogen to maintain high yields in a pure stand. Mixtures with alfalfa will require less nitrogen but the alfalfa will usually need P205 each year to maintain vigor. Alfalfa cannot be maintained in pasture seedings without rotation. Best forage production is obtained from smooth brome when used in a planned cropping system and plowed out after 3 to 4 years. Its heavy sod makes it an excellent soil conditioning crop when included in cropping systems. In deep, well-drained soils it will root to 4 feet.
Smooth brome performs best in grassed waterways, field borders, and other conservation uses where the forage can be cut and removed while in early bloom. Do not graze the new seeding; cut the first crop for hay.
In bromegrass-legume pastures, allow the legume to go to bud or early-bloom stage before turning cattle in to avoid bloat hazard, and manage thereafter for
optimum regrowth of the legume. Pastures should not be grazed prior to smooth brome attaining a minimum height of about 10 inches at the beginning of the grazing season. Grazing pressures should be adjusted throughout the season to avoid grazing this grass to less than a minimum height of 4 inches. Grazing schedules should be so arranged that a regrowth period of 28 to 35 days between grazing periods is available.
Pests and Potential Problems
Grasshoppers and seedling blight are influences that may impede establishment. Foliar diseases are more common in humid areas and seasons. The bromegrass seed midge, Stenodiplosis bromicola, can seriously hinder seed production.
Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin)
Northern type cultivars: ‘Superior’, ‘Manchar’, ‘Carlton’, ‘Jubilee’, ‘Saratoga’ (various), ‘Polar’, ‘Bravo’
Southern type cultivars: ‘Lincoln’ (Hungary), ‘Achenbach’, ‘Elsberry’, ‘Lancaster’, ‘Lyon’, ‘Southland’, ‘Rebound’, ‘Baylor’ (various), ‘Beacon’
Prepared By & Species Coordinator:
Tony Bush
USDA NRCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center
East Lansing, Michigan
USDA NRCS Plant Materials Program
Edited: 01Feb2002 JLK; 25may06jsp
https://plants.usda.govhttps://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov
Attribution: U.S. Department of Agriculture
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