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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	UPL, FAC
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	No
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Dense
Foliage Texture	Medium
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	No
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Slow
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	15
Height, Mature (feet)	100
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	Yes
Lifespan	Long
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	No
Shape and Orientation	Conical
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	No
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Low
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	Medium
Fire Tolerance	Low
Frost Free Days, Minimum	120
Hedge Tolerance	Low
Moisture Use	Medium
pH, Minimum	4
pH, Maximum	6.5
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	300
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	1200
Precipitation, Minimum	20
Precipitation, Maximum	40
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	40
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Tolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-51
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Late Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	Medium
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	37440
Seed Spread Rate	Slow
Seedling Vigor	Low
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	Yes
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	Low
Lumber Product	Yes
Naval Store Product	No
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Low
Palatable Graze Animal
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential	Low
Pulpwood Product	Yes
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Coniferophyta -- Conifers

Class  Pinopsida

Order  Pinales

Family  Pinaceae -- Pine family

Genus  Abies P. Mill. -- fir P

Species  Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. -- subalpine fir P

 

Alternate common names

Alpine fir, balsam fir, white balsam, white fir, western balsam fir, cork bark fir

 

Uses

The wood is white, soft, brittle, and quick to decay, used for rough construction and boxes, doors, frames, poles, and fuel.  Small trees are extensively used for Christmas trees.  Subalpine fir is a forest pioneer on severe and disturbed sites.  By providing cover, it assists in rehabilitating the landscape and protecting watersheds.  Subalpine fir grows in forests that occupy the highest water yield areas in much of the western United States and are thus highly significant in water management and conservation.

 

Native Americans used pitch and bark preparations for wounds and the wood, bark, and boughs for roof shingles, baskets and bedding.  The pitch was also used to coat canoe seams and rubbed on bowstrings as a sealant and protectant.  

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

 

Description

General: Pine Family (Pinaceae).  Native, evergreen trees growing to 20 meters tall with a sharp, spire-like crown, the upper several feet often less than 30 cm in diameter, the plants often reduced to a prostrate shrub on exposed sites near timberline.  Bark is smooth, grayish-white, with resin blisters, becoming furrowed only when the tree approaches a foot in diameter (or var. arizonica, see below, with a softer, corky trunk); branches with bark splitting to reveal a reddish-brown layer; leaf scars with periderm red (or tan in var. arizonica).  Needles are 1.8-3 cm long, flattened, grooved and bluish-green waxy on the upper surface, 1-ranked and tending to turn upward so that the foliage of a particular branch appears flattened and as though no leaves were attached to the lower sides of the twigs; resin canals median, located between the upper and lower epidermis.  Seed cones are 6-12 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, dark purple, erect and only on the uppermost branches.  The common name refers to the distribution of the species in the subalpine zone.

 

Variation within the species: Taxonomy of the species is not settled.  Abies bifolia A. Murr. may be treated within A. lasiocarpa or as a separate species (evidence summarized by Hunt 1993).  A southern population system (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado) is sometimes recognized as A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon (corkbark fir), or it may be identified as part of A. bifolia. 

 

Abies lasiocarpa in the broad sense is distinguished from A. balsamea by 4-5 stomatal rows on the upper surface at midleaf (vs. mostly 7 rows in A. balsamea). 

 

Distribution

Subalpine fir is widespread in western North America, from southeastern Alaska, Yukon, and Mackenzie south to California, in the Rocky Mountains to northeastern Arizona and New Mexico.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Subalpine fir grows in subalpine coniferous forests, 600-3600 meters, up to timberline, often associated with Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, and blue spruce.  It is restricted to cold, humid habitats because of low tolerance to high temperatures.  Cool summers, cold winters, and deep winter snowpacks are more important than total precipitation in differentiating where subalpine fir grows in relation to other species. 

 

Establishment

Trees of subalpine fir may begin to produce cones when 20 years old, but under closed-forest conditions, seed production is not significant until trees are older.  Corkbark fir does not begin to bear cones until about 50 years old.  Maximum seed production occurs in dominant trees 150-200 years old. 

 

Germination and early survival are generally best on exposed mineral soil and moist humus, but a wide variety of other seedbed types also provide adequate conditions.  Spring planting is most successful.  Subalpine fir invades and establishes on open, severe or disturbed sites near timberline because of its ability to establish a root system under conditions too severe for its less hardy associates and its ability to reproduce by layering. 

 

Subalpine fir is relatively slow growing.  Seedlings average less than 38 cm in height after 15 years in the open.  Heart rot is a severe problem, and many trees die or are complete culls at an early age.  Of those reaching maturity, trees 25-51 cm in diameter are often 150-200 years old, and trees older than 250 years are not uncommon.  Some trees in Olympic National Park, Washington, have been determined to be over 400 years old (by ring count). 

 

Management

Periodic thinning increases the yield and size of individual trees, but the fir component of subalpine spruce-fir stands is likely to be greatly reduced by repeated thinning, so that the stand at the time of final harvest will be almost pure Spruce.  

 

In the Cascades, the European balsam woolly adelgid has caused significant mortality to subalpine fir, virtually eliminating it from some stands in Oregon and southern Washington.  Windthrow is a common problem in subalpine fir, presumably because of its relatively shallow root system.  Pruning should be kept to a minimum, for when older branches are removed, new growth seldom develops and, consequently, the trees become ragged and unkempt. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Available through most nurseries.  Horticultural and ornamental cultures have been recognized, including the following:

 

A. lasiocarpa cv. beissneri – a dwarf tree bearing distorted branches and twisted needles.

 

A. lasiocarpa cv. caerulescens – a normal-sized tree with especially intensive bluish needles.

 

A. lasiocarpa cv. compacta – a dwarf tree of compact habit.   

 

References

Earle, C.J. 2000.  Gymnosperm database-Abies lasiocarpa.  29nov2000. 

<https://www.geocities.com/~earlecj/pi/ab/lasiocarpa.htm>

 

Foiles, M.W., R.T. Graham, & D.F. Olson, Jr. 1990.  Abies lasiocarpa.  Pp. 52-59, IN: R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala.  Silvics of North America. Volume 1.  Conifers.  USDA, Forest Service Agric. Handbook 654, Washington, D.C.  <https://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/silvics_manual/Table_of_contents.htm>

 

Hunt, R.S. 1993.  Abies.  Pp. 354-362, in Flora of North America, North of Mexico.  Vol. 2, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.  Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York.  <https://hua.huh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/Flora/flora.pl?FLORA_ID=12395>

 

Leadem, C.L. 1988.  Dormancy and vigour of Abies lasiocarpa seeds.  Can. Soc. Plant Physiologist, University of Victoria, British Colombia, Canada.

 

Van Pelt, R. 1996.  Champion trees of Washington state.  University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

 

Prepared By

Guy Nesom

BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln Moore

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Edited: 13nov00 jsp;07feb03ahv; 24may06jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture