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Plant Guide

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.
sulphur-flower buckwheat
ERUM

Summary

Duration

Perennial

Growth Habit

Subshrub, Shrub, Forb/herb

U.S. Nativity

Native to U.S.

Federal T/E Status

 

National Wetland Indicator

 

 

Morphology/Physiology

Active Growth Period

Spring and Summer

After Harvest Regrowth Rate

 

Bloat

None

C:N Ratio

High

Coppice Potential

No

Fall Conspicuous

No

Fire Resistant

No

Flower Color

Yellow

Flower Conspicuous

Yes

Foliage Color

Gray-Green

Foliage Porosity Summer

Dense

Foliage Porosity Winter

Moderate

Foliage Texture

Coarse

Fruit/Seed Color

Brown

Fruit/Seed Conspicuous

No

Growth Form

Multiple Stem

Growth Rate

Slow

Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)

1

Height, Mature (feet)

1

Known Allelopath

No

Leaf Retention

No

Lifespan

Long

Low Growing Grass

No

Nitrogen Fixation

 

Resprout Ability

Yes

Shape and Orientation

Rounded

Toxicity

None

 

Growth Requirements

Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils

Yes

Adapted to Fine Textured Soils

No

Adapted to Medium Textured Soils

Yes

Anaerobic Tolerance

None

CaCO3 Tolerance

High

Cold Stratification Required

No

Drought Tolerance

High

Fertility Requirement

Low

Fire Tolerance

Low

Frost Free Days, Minimum

140

Hedge Tolerance

None

Moisture Use

Low

pH, Minimum

6.5

pH, Maximum

9

Planting Density per Acre, Minimum

1212

Planting Density per Acre, Maximum

4850

Precipitation, Minimum

8

Precipitation, Maximum

18

Root Depth, Minimum (inches)

20

Salinity Tolerance

High

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant

Temperature, Minimum (°F)

7

 

Reproduction

Bloom Period

Early Summer

Commercial Availability

Routinely Available

Fruit/Seed Abundance

Medium

Fruit/Seed Period Begin

Summer

Fruit/Seed Period End

Fall

Fruit/Seed Persistence

Yes

Propagated by Bare Root

Yes

Propagated by Bulb

No

Propagated by Container

Yes

Propagated by Corm

No

Propagated by Cuttings

No

Propagated by Seed

Yes

Propagated by Sod

No

Propagated by Sprigs

No

Propagated by Tubers

No

Seed per Pound

209500

Seed Spread Rate

Slow

Seedling Vigor

Medium

Small Grain

No

Vegetative Spread Rate

None

 

Suitability/Use

Berry/Nut/Seed Product

No

Christmas Tree Product

No

Fodder Product

No

Fuelwood Product

None

Lumber Product

No

Naval Store Product

No

Nursery Stock Product

Yes

Palatable Browse Animal

Medium

Palatable Graze Animal

Low

Palatable Human

No

Post Product

No

Protein Potential

Low

Pulpwood Product

No

Veneer Product

No

 

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.
sulphur-flower buckwheat
ERUM
Cultivar: Sierra

Summary

Duration

Perennial

Growth Habit

Subshrub, Shrub, Forb/herb

U.S. Nativity

Native to U.S.

Federal T/E Status

 

National Wetland Indicator

 

 

Morphology/Physiology

Active Growth Period

Spring and Summer

After Harvest Regrowth Rate

 

Bloat

None

C:N Ratio

High

Coppice Potential

No

Fall Conspicuous

No

Fire Resistant

No

Flower Color

Yellow

Flower Conspicuous

Yes

Foliage Color

Gray-Green

Foliage Porosity Summer

Dense

Foliage Porosity Winter

Moderate

Foliage Texture

Coarse

Fruit/Seed Color

Brown

Fruit/Seed Conspicuous

No

Growth Form

Multiple Stem

Growth Rate

Slow

Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)

1

Height, Mature (feet)

1

Known Allelopath

No

Leaf Retention

No

Lifespan

Moderate

Low Growing Grass

No

Nitrogen Fixation

 

Resprout Ability

Yes

Shape and Orientation

Rounded

Toxicity

None

 

Growth Requirements

Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils

Yes

Adapted to Fine Textured Soils

No

Adapted to Medium Textured Soils

Yes

Anaerobic Tolerance

None

CaCO3 Tolerance

High

Cold Stratification Required

No

Drought Tolerance

High

Fertility Requirement

Low

Fire Tolerance

Low

Frost Free Days, Minimum

140

Hedge Tolerance

None

Moisture Use

Low

pH, Minimum

6.5

pH, Maximum

8

Planting Density per Acre, Minimum

1200

Planting Density per Acre, Maximum

4800

Precipitation, Minimum

14

Precipitation, Maximum

40

Root Depth, Minimum (inches)

20

Salinity Tolerance

High

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant

Temperature, Minimum (°F)

-13

 

Reproduction

Bloom Period

Early Summer

Commercial Availability

Routinely Available

Fruit/Seed Abundance

Medium

Fruit/Seed Period Begin

Summer

Fruit/Seed Period End

Fall

Fruit/Seed Persistence

Yes

Propagated by Bare Root

Yes

Propagated by Bulb

No

Propagated by Container

Yes

Propagated by Corm

No

Propagated by Cuttings

No

Propagated by Seed

Yes

Propagated by Sod

No

Propagated by Sprigs

No

Propagated by Tubers

No

Seed per Pound

209500

Seed Spread Rate

Moderate

Seedling Vigor

Medium

Small Grain

No

Vegetative Spread Rate

None

 

Suitability/Use

Berry/Nut/Seed Product

No

Christmas Tree Product

No

Fodder Product

No

Fuelwood Product

None

Lumber Product

No

Naval Store Product

No

Nursery Stock Product

Yes

Palatable Browse Animal

Low

Palatable Graze Animal

Low

Palatable Human

No

Post Product

No

Protein Potential

Low

Pulpwood Product

No

Veneer Product

No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Caryophyllidae

Order  Polygonales

Family  Polygonaceae -- Buckwheat family

Genus  Eriogonum Michx. -- buckwheat P

Species  Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. -- sulphur-flower buckwheat P

 

Alternate Names

Buckwheat bush, sulfur buckwheat, slender buckwheat, sulphur-flower buckwheat

 

Uses

Wildlife: The seeds are an important food source for many species of birds and small mammals. Quail, grouse, deer and mountain sheep eat the leaves.

 

Landscaping: It can be used for environmental enhancement, erosion control and foundation plantings around mountain homes.  It is an excellent dry flower for arrangements as it holds its color and structure for many months.  Sulfur flower buckwheat plants withstand sun, heat, drought, and wind, making them ideal plants for dry sunny slopes. The showy flowers and seed heads, and compact growth habit make this plant a good choice for rock gardens.  Bees produce a strong, dark honey from sulfur flower nectar.

 

Ethnobotanic Uses: Modern knowledge of the ethnobotanical uses of Eriogonum is entirely attributed to Mexican and Native American herbal traditions.  The Cahuilla used an infusion of the flowers as an eyewash, as well as for cleaning out the intestines, and made an infusion of the whole plant to shrink the uterus and reduce dysmenorrhea.  Several California tribes used the tea to wash newborn babies.  The Hopi used Eriogonum for hip and back pain, especially during pregnancy, and it was known to expedite birthing.  Due to its water solubility and its lack of toxicity, Eriogonum can be taken as often as needed, and is safe to use in the last trimester of pregnancy as a diuretic to aid water retention.

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

 

Description

Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae).  Sulfur flower buckwheat is a native, low-growing woody perennial commonly found on hot dry sunny exposures on rocky slopes and ridges throughout the west.  It is native to western mountainous regions at elevations of 2,500 to 10,000 feet.  Sulfur flower buckwheat requires well-drained sandy or gravelly soils with low fertility and will not tolerate saturated soils. 

 

The plant forms low, broad mats with individual clumps reaching one foot high to two feet across. Leaves are one inch long, shiny green on top and woolly underneath.  Flower stems 3 inches to 16 inches tall, are topped by clusters of tiny sulfur-yellow flower heads.  Flowers range from yellow to orange or reddish, both in bloom and in mature seed heads.  Flower displays can color entire slopes starting in June at lower elevations and continue into August at higher elevations.

 

Distribution

Sulfur flower buckwheat is found in dry, open and often rocky places.  It is found in California to western Canada and also Colorado and New Mexico.  This species has about thirty subspecies distributed across the western United States.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Adaptation

Sulfur flower buckwheat grows well in medium to coarse textured and well-drained soils.

 

Establishment

Sulfur flower buckwheat can be raised from seed or purchased as container grown plants at local nurseries.  Collect the sharply angled small black seeds from dried flower heads by rubbing the papery dried flower heads between your fingers.  They generally germinate without pretreatment and can be sown in spring or fall.  However, the rate of germination is improved if they are first cold stratified.

 

Cold stratify seeds by placing them in a plastic bag with moist peat moss or sand in a refrigerator three months.  Plant out in the early spring.  Seeds are naturally cold stratified by fall planting.  Select a hot, sunny, well-drained planting site and broadcast the seeds directly on the ground where they are to grow permanently.

 

Sulfur flower buckwheat seeds will germinate better if the seedbed has been cleared of weeds, and/or roto-tilled, or spaded to a depth of eight to ten inches, and mixed with additional compost.  Scatter seeds evenly over the seedbed and rake and water lightly.  Cover seeds with sand or weed-free compost to a depth equal to one or two times the seed diameter (about one eighth inch).

 

Keep the seedbed moist by sprinkling two to three times daily until seeds germinate.  After the seeds germinate, continue to water once every two to three days for the next few weeks; then once a week for another month.  Continue to water a few times a month through the fall.  Plants are drought tolerant when established and will need only occasional watering.

 

Sulfur flower buckwheat blooms the second year from seed.  It can be pruned back after flowering to promote a denser, more compact plant.

 

Sulfur flower buckwheat has a long taproot and thus mature plants are difficult to transplant.  When container-grown plants are ready to plant, dig a hole two to three times the diameter of the root ball and at least six inches deeper.  Backfill the hole with six inches of native soil.  Make a few one-eighth inch deep vertical cuts in the rootball, or carefully loosen roots away from the rootball with your hands to encourage roots to grow into the new soil.  Set the plant into the hole and fill in around the roots with planting mix, firming the soil with your hands as you fill, until the hole is half full.  Fill the hole with water and allow it to settle.  This will settle the soil and eliminate air pockets around the roots.  Backfill with enough soil so that the plant will set at the same level at which it was growing in the container.  Water it to allow the soil to settle, then add more soil if necessary.  Build a berm of soil to form a watering basin around the outer edge of the hole.  Break the basin down after two or three years.

 

Management

Control of weeds and irrigation is necessary in the first year of establishment.

 

Seeds and Plant Production

Sulfur flower buckwheat is grown at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center for foundation seed production.  The field was established with transplants and has produced an average of 150 pounds of seed per acre.  Seed has been vacuumed or hand harvested in June-July and does not shatter easily.  Germination has averaged about 35 percent with varying amounts of seed and seed rapidly loses viability within a few years.  There are about 140,500 seeds per pound.

 

Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

‘Sierra’ Cultivar: Sierra was collected from native plants on August 23, 1972 at South Lake Tahoe, California.  The original collection was increased at Lockeford through seed and plants.  It is a low growing shrub found on dry slopes and ridges, 1,200 to 10,000 feet.  The gray-green leaves are ovate, smooth above and finely hairy beneath.  Plants are 8 to 12 inches high, spreading up to 2 feet in diameter.  Yellow flowers in umbels erect or ascending from a woody base, turn orange red at maturity.  Flowers are used in dry flower arrangements.

 

References

University of California at Santa Cruz. 2005. Arboretum: Buckwheat brush. https://ucsc.edu. Accessed: 08 Aug2005 https://www2.ucsc.edu/arboretum/eriogonum_umbellatum.html.

 

USDA NRCS. Proposed release of ‘Sierra’ sulfur flower buckwheat, Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. For conservation and beautification use on critically eroded areas. Plant Materials Center, Lockeford, California

 

USDA NRCS and Nevada Cooperative Extension. Plants of the Lake Tahoe Basin

 

Prepared By:

Dave Dyer, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Lockeford, and Reina O’Beck, California State Office, Davis, California.

 

Species Coordinator:

Dave Dyer, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Lockeford, California.

 

Edited: 28Mar2005 ro; 23sep05 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>


 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture 

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