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Summary
Duration	Perennial
Growth Habit	Tree
U.S. Nativity	Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator	FACU
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period	Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate
Bloat	None
C:N Ratio	High
Coppice Potential	No
Fall Conspicuous	Yes
Fire Resistant	No
Flower Color	Yellow
Flower Conspicuous	No
Foliage Color	Green
Foliage Porosity Summer	Dense
Foliage Porosity Winter	Porous
Foliage Texture	Fine
Fruit/Seed Color	Brown
Fruit/Seed Conspicuous	Yes
Growth Form	Single Stem
Growth Rate	Moderate
Height at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)	40
Height, Mature (feet)	90
Known Allelopath	No
Leaf Retention	No
Lifespan	Moderate
Low Growing Grass	No
Nitrogen Fixation
Resprout Ability	Yes
Shape and Orientation	Erect
Toxicity	None
Growth Requirements
Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Fine Textured Soils	Yes
Adapted to Medium Textured Soils	Yes
Anaerobic Tolerance	None
CaCO3 Tolerance	Medium
Cold Stratification Required	Yes
Drought Tolerance	Low
Fertility Requirement	High
Fire Tolerance	Medium
Frost Free Days, Minimum	90
Hedge Tolerance	None
Moisture Use	High
pH, Minimum	5
pH, Maximum	7.5
Planting Density per Acre, Minimum	300
Planting Density per Acre, Maximum	800
Precipitation, Minimum	30
Precipitation, Maximum	60
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)	40
Salinity Tolerance	None
Shade Tolerance	Intolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)	-34
Reproduction
Bloom Period	Mid Spring
Commercial Availability	Routinely Available
Fruit/Seed Abundance	High
Fruit/Seed Period Begin	Summer
Fruit/Seed Period End	Fall
Fruit/Seed Persistence	No
Propagated by Bare Root	Yes
Propagated by Bulb	No
Propagated by Container	Yes
Propagated by Corm	No
Propagated by Cuttings	No
Propagated by Seed	Yes
Propagated by Sod	No
Propagated by Sprigs	No
Propagated by Tubers	No
Seed per Pound	10000
Seed Spread Rate	Moderate
Seedling Vigor	Medium
Small Grain	No
Vegetative Spread Rate	None
Suitability/Use
Berry/Nut/Seed Product	No
Christmas Tree Product	No
Fodder Product	No
Fuelwood Product	High
Lumber Product	Yes
Naval Store Product	Yes
Nursery Stock Product	Yes
Palatable Browse Animal	Medium
Palatable Graze Animal
Palatable Human	No
Post Product	No
Protein Potential
Pulpwood Product	No
Veneer Product	No

 

Kingdom  Plantae -- Plants

Subkingdom  Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Superdivision  Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Division  Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Class  Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Subclass  Asteridae

Order  Scrophulariales

Family  Oleaceae -- Olive family

Genus  Fraxinus L. -- ash P

Species  Fraxinus americana L. -- white ash P

 

Alternate common names

Biltmore ash, Biltmore white ash, cane ash, small-seed white ash

 

Uses

White ash is a good tree for open areas such as parks and campuses; it also is used as a lawn, shade, and street tree, even though its potential large size can make it incongruous with a small area.  It is an erect, graceful tree, often with bronze-purple fall foliage.  It is easy to transplant and numerous cultivars have been developed, including seedless (male) forms.  Other selections are based on yellow to orange and purple fall colors, persistence of leaves in the fall, height, crown shape (broadly to narrowly oval) and density, growth vigor, and cold hardiness.  White ash also has been used in re-vegetating disturbed sites. 

 

The wood of white ash is valued for its strength, hardness, heavy weight, and elasticity (shock resistance).  Native Americans appreciated its usefulness for tools and implements, and it is used extensively today for tool handles.  Its use in wooden baseball bats is famous.  The wood is also used in furniture, doors, veneer, antique vehicle parts, railroad cars and ties, canoe paddles, snowshoes, boats, posts, ties, and fuel.  White ash is the most valuable timber tree of the various ashes. 

 

White ash was used by Native Americans for a variety of medicinal purposes: a decoction of the leaves as a laxative and general tonic for women after childbirth; the seeds as an aphrodisiac, a diuretic, an appetite stimulant, a styptic, an emetic, and as a cure for fevers; and a bark tea for an itching scalp, lice, snakebite, and other sores.  Juice from the leaves has been applied to mosquito bites for relief of swelling and itching.  

 

White-tailed deer and cattle browse white ash and beaver, porcupine, and rabbits may eat the bark of young trees.  The seeds are eaten by wood duck, northern bobwhite, turkey, grouse, finches, grosbeaks, cardinals, fox squirrel, mice, and many other birds and small mammals.  The tendency of white ash to form trunk cavities makes it valuable for cavity nesters such as redheaded, red-bellied, and pileated woodpeckers.  Once primary nest excavators have opened up the bole, it is an excellent habitat for secondary nesters such as wood ducks, owls, nuthatches, and gray squirrels. 

 

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

 

Description

General: Olive family (Oleaceae).  Native trees growing to 20-30 m tall, maintaining a central leader (strong apical dominance) in youth with an even distribution of branches, developing a dense, conical or rounded crown at maturity.  The trunk is long, straight, and free of branches for most of its length (except when open grown).  The bark is thick, dark gray, with a uniform, diamond-shaped ridge and furrow pattern.  Leaves are deciduous, opposite, pinnately compound, 20-38 cm long, leaflets usually 7(5-9), short-stalked, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, 6-13 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, sometimes with a few teeth near the tip, dark green and smooth above, whitish below.  Flowers are numerous, very small, green to purplish, in small branched clusters near the branch tips, usually either male (staminate) or female (pistillate), a single tree usually bearing only one sex (the species dioecious).  Fruits are samaras 2.5-5 cm long, hanging in clusters, with a narrow wing extending about 1/3-1/4 of the way down the cylindrical body.  The common name is in reference to the white color of the wood. 

 

This species flowers in April-May, the male first, before appearance of the leaves; fruiting August-October, the seeds dispersed September-November.  The pollen is already airborne during the 7-10 days when the female flowers are receptive.

 

Variation within the species: A number of variants have been described within the species, including F. americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright ex Fern. (= F. biltmoreana Beadle) and F. americana var. microcarpa A. Gray, but the distinctions between these have not been generally confirmed and formal variants are not currently recognized.  Diploids (2n=46), tetraploids (2n=92), and hexaploids (2n=138) occur within the species, but it is difficult to associate differences in ploidy level with other patterns of variation. 

 

Distribution

White ash grows over most of eastern North America, absent only from the outer Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains.  It occurs from Nova Scotia west to eastern Minnesota and south to Texas and northern Florida, northward barely into southern Quebec and Ontario.  It is cultivated in Hawaii.  For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

 

Establishment

Adaptation: White ash grows best on deep, well-drained, moist soils with other hardwoods at elevations of about 0-1050 meters.  It rarely forms pure stands.  It occurs on middle slopes in the Northeast, on slightly elevated ridges in the floodplains of major streams in the coastal plain, and on slopes along major streams in the central states.  Primary associates are eastern white pine, northern red oak, white oak, sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, American beech, black cherry, eastern hemlock, and yellow poplar. 

 

White ash is primarily characteristic of early and intermediate stages of succession.  The seedlings are shade tolerant but can also establish in full sun.  Mature individuals are shade intolerant – after persisting for a few years in moderately dense shade, trees developing inside closed stands reach the overstory by responding quickly to openings in the canopy. 

 

General: White ash begins producing seed at a minimum age of 20 years.  A good seed crop is produced at intervals of 2-3 years, although the males flower heavily each year.  To best overcome dormancy, stratify under moist conditions for 30 days at 14/30° C (night/day) then for 60 days at 5° C.  A forest floor seed bank may retain viable white ash seeds for 3-4 years.  Germination can occur on mineral soil, humus, or leaf litter, and seedlings develop best in partial sun.  Mature trees may reach 200 years of age. 

 

White ash resprouts from the root crown after logging or fire.  Sprouting ability decreases with age.  

 

Management

White ash prefers moist, deep soils for best growth but is adaptable to a wide range of soil pH.  Full sun is best.  Young plants are easily transplanted and established.  White ash has been successfully used in the reclamation of strip mines in Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.  Seedlings provide a better start than direct seeding, and planting should be in mixtures with other hardwoods.  White ash is more ornamental than green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) but is less adaptable, grows at a slower rate, and is more susceptible to pests and diseases.  

 

Bud grafting generally propagates white ash cultivars.  The species also can be propagated by conventional methods of grafting and layering; open field and bench grafting of unpotted stock have been successful. 

 

Fire kills the aboveground stem and crown of white ash, but it resprouts from the root crown after fire.  White ash is moderately susceptible to decay and insect damage induced through fire damage. 

 

Environmental Concerns

Ash decline (or “ash dieback” or “ash yellows”) is the most serious problem affecting white ash.  The decline is especially prevalent in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont but occurs from the Great Plains to the Atlantic coast at 39°–45° N latitude.  Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO, the cause of ash yellows) have been found associated with most of the dying trees.Not all dying trees are infected and ash decline is thought to result from multiple causes – MLO plus various fungi and viruses, as well as atmospheric pollution and drought.  Maintenance of good tree vigor is the primary control recommendation. 

 

White ash is sensitive to ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and associated acid deposition, which may cause the appearance of necrotic lesions on the leaves.  Most of recent ash decline has occurred in areas with high levels of these gases. 

 

Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information.  Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.”  The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”  These plant materials are readily available from commercial sources.

 

References

Griffith, R.S. 1991.  Fraxinus americana.  IN: W.C. Fischer (compiler).  The fire effects information system [Data base].  USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.  <https://fire.org/feis/plants/tree/fraame/all_frames.html>

 

Schlesinger, R.C. 1990.  Fraxinus americana L.  White Ash.  Pp. 333-338, in R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala (tech. coords.).  Silvics of North America.  Volume 2.  Hardwoods.  USDA Forest Service Agric. Handbook 654, Washington, D.C.  <https://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/silvics_manual/volume_2/fraxinus/americana.htm>

 

USDA, NRCS 1993.  Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species.  Wetland Science Institute, Laurel, Maryland.

 

Prepared By

Guy Nesom, Formerly BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

 

Species Coordinator

Lincoln Moore, USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

 

Edited 05dec00 jsp; 14feb03 ahv; 060801 jsp

 

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<https://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <https://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>

 

 

 

Attribution:  U.S. Department of Agriculture